Ngaphambi kwekutsi tifo ticedze tifo leticishe tibe tigidzigidzi letingu-3 nobe ngetulu, lesihlahla sasita ekwakheni iMelika lenetimboni. Kute sibuyisele inkhatimulo yabo lelahlekile, kungase kudzingeke kutsi sivume futsi silungise imvelo.
Ngalesinye sikhatsi nga 1989, Herbert Darling watfola lucingo: Umtingeli wamtjela kutsi uhlangabetane nesihlahla lesidze se chestnut sase Melika endzaweni ya Darling eZor Valley enshonalanga yase New York. Darling bekati kutsi ema chestnuts ake aba ngulesinye setihlahla letibaluleke kakhulu kulendzawo. Bekati nekutsi sikhunta lesibulalako sacishe sacedza letinhlobo iminyaka lengetulu kwelikhulu nesigamu. Watsi nakeva umbiko wemtingeli ngekubona i-chestnut lephilako, umgogodla wale-chestnut bewungemamitha lamabili ngebudze futsi ufika esakhiweni lesinetitezi letisihlanu, wakungabata. “Angiciniseki kutsi ngiyakholwa yini kutsi uyati kutsi yini,” kwasho Darling.
Ngesikhatsi Darling atfola lesihlahla, bekufana nekubuka sibalo senganekwane. Watsi: “Bekucondzile kakhulu futsi kuphelele kwenta sibonelo-bekukuhle kakhulu.” Kepha Darling waphindze wabona kutsi lesihlahla siyafa. Kusukela ekucaleni kweminyaka yabo 1900, beyihlaselwe ngulolubhubhane lolufanako, lokulinganiselwa kwekutsi lwabangela kufa kwebantfu labatigidzigidzi letingu 3 noma ngetulu ngetifo letinjalo. Lesi sifo sekucala lesitsatfwa bantfu lesibhubhisa kakhulu tihlahla emlandvweni wesimanje. Darling wacabanga, uma angakhoni kusindzisa leso sihlahla, lokungenani angasindzisa imbewu yaso. Kunenkinga yinye kuphela: lesihlahla asenti lutfo ngoba kute letinye tihlahla te chestnut letisedvute letingasifaka imvubelo.
Darling ngunjiniyela losebentisa tindlela tebunjiniyela kute acatulule tinkinga. Ngenyanga yeNhlaba lelandzelako, ngesikhatsi timbali letimphunga letikhanyako tisakateke emphemeni loluhlata walesihlahla, Darling wagcwalisa tinhlamvu letidutshulwe ngempuphu yekudutshulwa, leyatsatfwa etimbali letindvuna talesinye sihlahla se chestnut lasifundzile, futsi washayela waya enyakatfo. Kwatsatsa li-awa nesigamu. Wadubula lesi sihlahla asendizeni leqashiwe. (Uphetse inkampani yekwakha lephumelelako lengakhona kukhokha imali lenyenti.) Lomtamo wehluleka. Ngemnyaka lolandzelako, Darling waphindze wazama. Kulesikhatsi, yena nendvodzana yakhe badvonsa le scaffolding baya kuma chestnuts lasetulu kwentsaba futsi bakha inkhundla lengemamitha langemashumi lasiphohlongo ngekuphakama ngemaviki langetulu kwalamabili. Sitsandvwa sami sakhuphuka emphemeni sakhuhla timbali ngetimbali letifana netibungu kulesinye sihlahla se chestnut.
Ngalelo kuwa, emagala esihlahla sa Darling akhicita ema burrs lambonywe ngemanyeva laluhlata. Lamanyeva abemakhulu futsi acijile kangangekutsi bekungaphutsa kutsi ngema cacti. Sivuno asikho ngetulu, kunemantongomane langaba ngu 100, kepha Darling uhlanyele lamanye futsi waphinya litsemba. Yena nemngani wakhe baphindze batsintsana na Charles Maynard na William Powell, lababili labafundza ngetihlahla eNyuvesi yase New York eSikolweni Sesayensi Yemvelo Nemahlatsi eSyracuse (Chuck na Bill bashona). Basandza kucala iphrojekthi yelucwaningo lwe-chestnut lephansi lapho. Darling wabanika ema chestnuts wabuta bososayensi kutsi bangawasebentisa yini kute bawabuyisele. Darling watsi: “Kubonakala shengatsi loku kuyintfo lenkhulu.” “Yonkhe iMelika lesemphumalanga.” Nanobe kunjalo, ngemuva kweminyaka lembalwa, sihlahla sakhe safa.
Solo bantfu baseYurophu bacala kuhlala eNorth America, indzaba lemayelana nemahlatsi alelivekati beyilahlekelwe kakhulu. Kepha, siphakamiso saDarling nyalo sitsatfwa ngulabaningi njengalelinye lematfuba latsembisako kakhulu ekucala kubuyeketa lendzaba – ekucaleni kwalomnyaka, iTempleton World Charity Foundation yabeka iMaynard naPowell’s Lephrojekthi yaniketa umlandvo wayo lomnyenti, futsi lomtamo wakhona kucedza umsebenti lomncane wesikali lesibita imali lengetulu kwetigidzi letingu-$3. Bekusipho lesikhulu kunato tonkhe letake tanikelwa kulenyuvesi. Lucwaningo lwetifundziswa tefutfo luphocelela tati temvelo kutsi tibukane nelitsemba ngendlela lensha futsi ngalesinye sikhatsi lengakhululeki, kutsi kulungisa umhlaba wemvelo akusho kutsi kubuyela eNsimini yase-Edeni lengakaphatfwa. Kunaloko, kungasho kwemukela indzima lesiyitsatse: unjiniyela wako konkhe lokufaka ekhatsi imvelo.
Emacembe e Chestnut lamadze futsi anematinyo, futsi abukeka njengetinsimbi letimbili letincane letiluhlata letihlangene emuva emuva emtsanjeni losemkhatsini welicembe. Ngakulolunye luhlangotsi, emacembe lamabili ahlangene nesicu. Ngakulolunye luhlangotsi, takha sihloko lesikhaliphile, lesivame kugobeka eceleni. Lesimo lesingakalindzeleki sisika tindzawo letiluhlata letithulile kanye netindvundvuma tesihlabathi emahlatsini, futsi kucabanga lokumangalisako kwebahambi betintsaba kwavusa kunaka kwebantfu, kwabakhumbuta luhambo lwabo ehlatsini lebelikadze linetihlahla letiningi letinemandla.
Kuphela ngetincwadzi kanye nenkumbulo singacondza ngalokugcwele letihlahla. Lucille Griffin, umcondzisi lomkhulu we American Chestnut Collaborator Foundation, wake wabhala kutsi lapho utobona ema chestnuts anotsile kakhulu kangangekutsi entfwasanhlobo, timbali letikhilimu, letisemgceni esihlahleni “njenge Emagagasi lanegwebu agijima phansi eceleni kwentsaba”, lokuholela etinkhumbulweni ta mkhulu. Ekwindla, lesihlahla sitawuphindze siqhume, ngalesikhatsi ngema burrs lahlabako lambonya bumnandzi. “Ngesikhatsi ema- chestnuts avutsiwe, bengifaka hhafu webhasheli ebusika,” kwabhala Thoreau lonemdlandla ku “Walden.” “Ngaleso sikhatsi, bekujabulisa kakhulu kuzulazula ehlatsini le- chestnut lelingapheli eLincoln ngaleso sikhatsi.”
Ema Chestnuts atsembekile kakhulu. Ngalokwehlukile etihlahleni te oak letiwisa ema acorns kuphela kungakapheli iminyaka lembalwa, tihlahla te chestnut tikhicita linani lelikhulu letintjalo temantongomane njalo ngekuwa. Ema Chestnuts nawo alula kuwagaya: ungawacabula bese udla loluhlata. (Zama kusebentisa ema acorns lacebile ngema tannins-noma ungakwenti.) Wonkhe umuntfu udla ema chestnuts: tinyamatane, squirrel, ibhele, inyoni, umuntfu. Labalimi bakhulula tingulube tabo futsi batfole emafutsa ehlatsini. Ngesikhatsi saKhisimusi, titimelane lebetigcwele ema- chestnut betisuka etintsabeni tiye edolobheni. Yebo, ngempela bashiswa ngumlilo we-bonfire. “Kutsiwa kuletinye tindzawo, balimi batfola imali lenyenti ngekutsengisa ema- chestnut kunayo yonkhe leminye imikhicito yekulima,” kwasho William L. Bray, umphatsi wekucala walesikolwa lapho Maynard na Powell basebenta khona ngemuva kwesikhatsi. Yabhalwa nga 1915. Sihlahla sebantfu, linyenti laso likhula ehlatsini.
Liphindze linikete lokungetulu nje kwekudla. Tihlahla te Chestnut tingakhuphuka tibe ngemamitha lalikhulu nemashumi lamabili, futsi emamitha lamashumi lasihlanu ekucala akaphazanyiswa ngemagala noma emafindo. Leli liphupho lebantfu labagawula tigodvo. Noma kungasiso sigodvo lesihle kakhulu noma lesicinile, sikhula ngekushesha lokukhulu, ikakhulukati uma siphindze sihlume ngemuva kwekujutjwa futsi singaboli. Njengoba kucina kwetibopho tesitimela kanye netigodvo telucingo kwedlula buhle, Chestnut wasita ekwakheni iMelika lenetimboni. Tinkhulungwane tetibaya, emakhabhini kanye nemasontfo lentiwe ngema chestnuts asamile; umbhali nga 1915 walinganisela kutsi lolu luhlobo lwesihlahla lolugawulwa kakhulu eMelika.
Endzaweni leningi yasemphumalanga-letihlahla tisuka eMississippi kuya eMaine, futsi kusuka elugwini lwe Atlantic kuya eMfuleni iMississippi-ema chestnuts nawo ngulomunye wato. Kodvwa e-Appalachian, bekusihlahla lesikhulu. Kuletintsaba tihlala tigidzigidzi tema- chestnut.
Kufanelekile kutsi iFusarium wilt yacala kuvela eNew York, lokulisango lebantfu labaningi baseMelika. Nga 1904, kwatfolakala kugula lokumangalisako emagcolo esihlahla se chestnut lebesisengotini yekushabalala eBronx Zoo. Bacwaningi basheshe batfola kutsi le fungus leyabangela kubola kwemagciwane (kamuva leyabitwa ngekutsi yi Cryphonectria parasitica) yafika etihlahleni tase Japan letibuya kulamanye emave kusukela nga 1876. (Kuvame kuba nesikhatsi emkhatsini wekwetfulwa kweluhlobo kanye nekutfolakala kwetinkinga letibonakalako.)
Ngekushesha bantfu emaveni lamanyenti babika tihlahla letifako. Nga-1906, William A. Murrill, longusati wemagciwane eNew York Botanical Garden, washicilela sihloko sekucala sesayensi ngalesifo. Muriel waveta kutsi lesikhunta sibangela kugula kwemabhubhu lamtfubi-lonsundvu emagcolo esihlahla se chestnut, lokugcina kwenta kutsi sihlanteke situngelete sicu. Uma umsoco kanye nemanti kungasakhoni kugeleta phansi nasetulu emikhunjini yemagcolo ngaphansi kwemagcolo, konkhe lokungetulu kwendandatho yekufa kutofa.
Labanye bantfu abakhoni kucabanga-noma abafuni labanye bacabange-sihlahla lesinyamalala ehlatsini. Nga-1911, iSober Paragon Chestnut Farm, inkampani yebantfwana labancane lebeyisePennsylvania, beyikholelwa kutsi lesifo “besingagcini nje ngekwesaba.” Kuba khona kwesikhatsi lesidze kwetintsatseli letingenamtfwalo. Lelipulazi lavalwa nga 1913. Eminyakeni lemibili leyengcile, iPennsylvania yabita ikomidi lesifo se chestnut, yagunyatwa kutsi isebentise imali lengu US$275,000 (imali lenkhulu ngaleso sikhatsi), futsi yamemetela iphakheji yemandla ekutsatsa tinyatselo tekulwa nalobuhlungu, kufaka ekhatsi lilungelo lekubhubhisa tihlahla letiyimfihlo. Bososayensi labafundza ngetifo bancoma kususa tonkhe tihlahla tema chestnut kungakapheli emamayela lambalwa ngaphambili kwekugula lokukhulu kwentela kukhicita umphumela wekuvikela umlilo. Kepha kuvela kutsi lesikhunta singagcuma siye etihlahleni letingakangenwa ngulesifo, futsi ema-spores aso atseleleka ngumoya, tinyoni, tilwanyana kanye nebantfu. Leli cebo lashiywa.
Nga 1940, cishe kute ema chestnuts lamakhulu latseleleke. Namuhla, linani letigidzigidzi temadola selicinywe. Njengoba ifusarium wilt ingakhoni kuphila emhlabatsini, timphandze te chestnut tiyachubeka tihluma, futsi letingetulu kwetigidzi letingu 400 tato tisasele ehlatsini. Nomakunjalo, iFusarium wilt yatfola indzawo yekugcina emanti esihlahleni se oak lapho beyihlala khona ngaphandle kwekubangela kulimala lokukhulu kumsingatsi wayo. Kusuka lapho, kusheshe kusakateke kube ngemahlumela lamasha e chestnut bese uyawashaya abuyele emhlabatsini, kuvame sikhatsi lesidze ngaphambi afike esigabeni setimbali.
Imboni yetigodvo itfole letinye tindlela: i-oak, iphayini, i-walnut, kanye nemlotsa. Kushukela, lenye imboni lenkhulu letsembele etihlahleni tema chestnut, seyishintjele ku tintfo tekushukela tekwentiwa. Kubalimi labaningi labaphuyile, kute lokufanele bashintje: kute lesinye sihlahla semdzabu lesiniketa balimi kanye netilwane tabo ngema calories lamahhala, latsembekile futsi lamaningi kanye nemaprotein. Chestnut blight kungashiwo kutsi icedza umkhuba lovamile wekulima kwe Appalachians lokutiphilisako, kuphocelela bantfu kulendzawo kutsi babe nekukhetsa lokusobala: bangene emayini yemalahle noma bahambe. Sati semlandvo Donald Davis sabhala nga-2005 satsi: “Ngenca yekufa kwema- chestnut, umhlaba wonkhe sewufile, lokucedza emasiko ekusindza labekhona eTintsabeni tase- Appalachian iminyaka lengetulu kwemakhulu lamane. ”
Powell wakhulela khashane nebantfu base-Appalachian kanye nema-chestnut. Babe wakhe wakhonta eMphini Yemoya futsi watfutsela emndenini wakhe: e-Indiana, eFlorida, eJalimane, naselugwini lwasemphumalanga yeMaryland. Noma nje acitsa sikhatsi sakhe eNew York, tinkhulumo takhe tagcina kukhululeka kwe Midwest kanye nekuchema lokucashile kepha lokubonakalako kweNingizimu. Imikhuba yakhe lelula kanye nesitayela sakhe sekutfunga lesilula kuyahambisana, kufaka emajini lanekujikeleta kwemahembe labonakala angapheli. Sihlanganiso sakhe lasitsandzako kutsi “wow”.
Powell uhlela kuba ngudokotela wetilwane kuze kube ngulapho professor we genetics amtsembisa litsemba lekulima lokusha, lokuluhlata lokusekelwe etitjalweni letiguculwe ngekwelifa letingakhicita emakhono ayo ekuvikela tinambuzane kanye netifo. “Ngacabanga, wow, akusiko kuhle kwenta titjalo letingativikela etilwaneni letibulalako, futsi akudzingeki kutsi ufafate noma ngumiphi imitsi yekubulala tilwane?” kusho Powell. “Kuliciniso kutsi umhlaba wonkhe awulandzeli umbono lofanako.”
Ngesikhatsi Powell afika esikolweni sekucecesha eNyuvesi yase-Utah State nga-1983, akazange abe nenkinga. Noma kunjalo, kwenteka kutsi ajoyine elabhorethri yesazi setilwane, futsi bekasebenta ngeligciwane lelingacedza emandla sikhunta se-blight. Imitamo yabo yekusebentisa leligciwane ayizange ihambe kahle kakhulu: alizange lisakateke kusuka esihlahleni kuya esihlahleni ngekwalo, ngako kwadzingeka kutsi lentiwe ngendlela lefanele tinhlobo letiningi te fungal ngamunye. Noma kunjalo, Powell watsandzeka kakhulu ngendzaba yesihlahla lesikhulu lesawa phansi futsi waniketa sisombululo sesayensi sekwenteka kwemaphutsa labuhlungu lentiwa bantfu. Watsi: “Ngenca yekungaphatfwa kahle kwetimphahla tetfu letihamba emhlabeni wonkhe, sangenisa emagciwane labulalako ngengoti.” "Ngacabanga: Hawu, loku kuyatsakatelisa. Kunelitfuba lekutsi ngikubuyise."
Powell bekungasuye umzamo wekucala wekucedza kulahlekelwa. Ngemuva kwekutsi sekucace kutsi ema chestnut ase Melika abetawuhluleka, iUSDA yetama kuhlanyela tihlahla te chestnut tase China, umzala lomelana kakhulu nekubuna, kwentela kuvisisa kutsi loluhlobo lungatsatsa sikhundla sema chestnut ase Melika. Nomakunjalo, ema chestnuts akhula kakhulu ngaphandle, futsi afana netihlahla tetitselo kunetihlahla tetitselo. Bebancane ehlatsini tihlahla te-oak kanye naletinye tidlakela taseMelika. Kukhula kwato kuyavinjelwa, nobe tivele tife. Bososayensi baphindze betama kuzalanisa ema chestnuts lasuka eMelika nase China ndzawonye, ​​ngetsemba lekukhicita sihlahla lesinetimphawu letinhle tato totimbili. Imitamo yahulumende yehluleka futsi yashiywa.
Powell wagcina asebenta eNyuvesi yaseNew York eSikolweni Sesayensi Yemvelo Nemahlatsi, lapho ahlangana khona na Chuck Maynard, longusosayensi wefutfo lowahlanyela tihlahla elabhorethri. Eminyakeni lembalwa nje leyengcile, bososayensi badala ticubu tesitjalo tekucala letiguculwe ngekwelifa-kwengeta lifutsi leliniketa kumelana nema-antibiotic egwayini kute kwentiwe imiboniso yebuchwepheshe kunekutsi kusetjentiswe kutekutsengiselana. Maynard (Maynard) wacala ku dabble ngebuchwepheshe lobusha, ngesikhatsi afuna buchwepheshe lobulusito lobuhlobene nayo. Ngaleso sikhatsi, Darling bekanetinhlavu letitsite kanye nenselele: kulungisa ema chestnuts ase Melika.
Eminyakeni letinkhulungwane yetindlela tekuzalanisa titjalo tesintfu, balimi (nabososayensi labasha) bawele tinhlobo letinetimphawu letifunwako. Ngemuva kwaloko, emajini ahlanganiswa ndzawonye ngekwemvelo, futsi bantfu bakhetsa tihlanganisi letitsembisako telizinga leliphakeme-lelikhulu, titselo letimnandzi kakhulu noma kumelana netifo. Imvamisa, kutsatsa titukulwane letinyenti kukhicita umkhicito. Lenchubo iyahamba kancane futsi iyadida kancane. Darling watibuta kutsi ngabe lendlela itawukhicita sihlahla lesihle njengemvelo yakhe yasendle. Wangitjela watsi: “Ngicabanga kutsi singenta kancono.”
Bunjiniyela belifa busho kulawula lokukhulu: noma ngabe lifutsi lelitsite livela eluhlobo lwetilwane letingakahlobani, lingakhetfwa ngenhloso letsite bese lifakwa ku-genome yalesinye silwane. (Tintfo letiphilako letinemajini lavela etilwaneni letehlukahlukene ‘tiguculwa ngekwelijini.’ Muva nje, bososayensi batfutfukise tindlela tekuhlela ngalokucondzile i- genome yetintfo letiphilako letihlosiwe.) Lobuchwephesha butsembisa kuciniseka kanye nekushesha lokungakaze kubonwe. Powell ukholelwa kutsi loku kubonakala kulungele kakhulu ema chestnuts ase Melika, lawabita ngekutsi “tihlahla leticishe tiphelele”-leticinile, letindze, futsi leticebile ngemitfombo yekudla, letidzinga kulungiswa lokucondzile kakhulu kuphela: kumelana nekugula kwemagciwane.
Ngiyavuma. Watsi: “Kufanele sibe nabonjiniyela ebhizinisini letfu.” “Kusukela ekwakhiweni kuya ekwakhiweni loku kumane nje kuluhlobo lwekusebenta ngekuzenzakalela.”
Powell na Maynard balinganisela kutsi kungatsatsa iminyaka lelishumi kutfola emajini laniketa kumelana, kwenta tebucwepheshe tekuwafaka kule chestnut genome, bese uyawakhulisa. Powell watsi: “Sivele sicagele. "Kute umuntfu lonemajini laniketa kumelana nesikhunta. Ngempela sacala esikhaleni lesingenalutfo."
Darling wafuna kusekelwa yi American Chestnut Foundation, inhlangano lengasebenti inzuzo leyasungulwa ekucaleni kweminyaka yabo 1980s. Umholi wayo wamtjela kutsi ngalokuyinhloko ulahlekile. Batinikele ekuhlanganiseni futsi bahlala bacaphele ngebunjiniyela befutfo, lokuvuse kuphikiswa ngulabo labafundza ngemvelo. Ngako-ke, Darling wadala inhlangano yakhe lengasebenti inzuzo kute akhokhe umsebenti webunjiniyela befutfo. Powell watsi lenhlangano yabhalela Maynard naPowell isheke lekucala lemali lengu-$30 000. (Nga 1990, lenhlangano yesive yagucula futsi yemukela licembu le Darling lekuhlukana njengeligatja layo lekucala lembuso, kepha lamanye emalunga abesolo angabata noma abe nebutsa ngalokuphelele ngebunjiniyela befutfo.)
Maynard naPowell basemsebentini. Cishe ngekushesha, luhlelo lwabo lwesikhatsi lebebalinganisela lwabonakala lungasilo liciniso. Sihibe sekucala kutfola kutsi ungakhulisa njani ema chestnuts elabhorethri. Maynard wetama kuhlanganisa emacembe e chestnut kanye ne hormone yekukhula esitjeni se petri sepulasitiki lesiyindingilizi lesingajulile, indlela lesetjentiswa kulima ema poplars. Kuvela kutsi loku akusilo liciniso. Tihlahla letinsha angeke titfutfukise timphandze nemacabunga lavela kumaseli lakhetsekile. Maynard watsi: “Ngingumholi emhlabeni wonkhe ekubulaleni tihlahla te- chestnut.” Umcwaningi eNyuvesi yase Georgia, Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) wagcina afundzise Maynard kutsi angahamba njani kusuka ekukhiciteni imvubelo kuya kuma chestnuts eSitjalo lalandzelako kuma embryo esigabeni sekutfutfuka.
Kutfola lifutsi lelifanele-umsebenti waPowell-nako kwaba yinsayeya. Wacitsa iminyaka leminyenti acwaninga nge compound yekulwa nemagciwane lesekelwe kumajini emaxoxo, kepha wayekela le compound ngenca yekukhatsateka kutsi ummango ungahle ungavumi tihlahla letinemaxoxo. Waphindze wafuna ligciwane lelilwa nekugula kwemagciwane kuma chestnuts, kepha watfola kutsi kuvikela lesihlahla kufaka ligciwane leliningi (bakhomba lokungenani lasitfupha). Kwabese kutsi nga-1997, lomunye lebengisebenta naye wabuya emhlanganweni wetesayensi futsi wabhala sifinyeto kanye nesetfulo. Powell waphawula sihloko lesinesihloko lesitsi “Kuveta i-oxalate oxidase etitjalweni letiguculwe kuniketa kumelana ne-oxalate kanye nesikhunta lesikhicita i-oxalate”. Kulucwaningo lwakhe lweligciwane, Powell bekati kutsi i-wilt fungi ikhipha i-oxalic acid kubulala emagcolo e-chestnut futsi yente kubelula kuyigaya. Powell wabona kutsi uma i-chestnut ingakhicita i-oxalate oxidase yayo (iphrotheni lekhetsekile lengaphula i-oxalate), ngako-ke ingakhona kutivikela. Watsi: “Lowo bekungumzuzu wami we- Eureka.”
Kuvela kutsi titjalo letiningi tinelijini lelitenta kutsi tikhone kukhicita i-oxalate oxidase. Kusukela umcwaningi lowanika inkhulumo, Powell utfole variant kolo. Umfundzi lophothulile Linda Polin McGuigan wenta ncono bucwephesha be “gene gun” kute etfule emajini abe yi- embryo ye- chestnut, ngetsemba lekutsi ingafakwa ku- DNA yale- embryo. Lelijini lahlala sikhashana embungwini, kodvwa lase liyanyamalala. Lelicembu lelucwaningo layishiya lendlela futsi lashintjela kuligciwane lebelisungule indlela yekusika i-DNA yaletinye tilwane bese lifaka emajini ato. Emvelweni, tilwanyana letincane tingeta emajini laphocelela umsingatsi kutsi ente kudla kwemagciwane. Bososayensi befutfo bahlasela leligciwane kute likhone kufaka nobe nguliphi lifutfo usosayensi lalifunako. McGuigan watfola likhono lekwengeta ngekwetsembeka emajini akolweni kanye nemaprotein emamaki kuma embryos e chestnut. Uma le protein ikhishwa ngemisebe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, le protein itawukhipha kukhanya lokuluhlata, lokukhombisa kufakwa ngemphumelelo. (Lelicembu lasheshe layekela kusebentisa emaprotein emamaki-kute lobekafuna sihlahla lesingakhanya.) Maynard wabita lendlela ngekutsi “yintfo lenhle kakhulu emhlabeni.”
Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi, Maynard na Powell bakha umgca wekuhlanganisa ema chestnut, nyalo sewudlulela etitezi letiningi tesakhiwo lesihle kakhulu selucwaningo lwemahlatsi ngetitini-neludzaka ngabo 1960, kanye nendzawo lensha lekhanyako lengaphandle kwekhampasi “Biotech Accelerator”. Lenchubo icala ngekukhetsa ema embryo lahlumako kusuka kuma cells lafanako ngekwelifa (ema embryo lamaningi lakhiwe elebhu akakwenti loku, ngako akusiti ngalutfo kwenta ema clones) bese ufaka emajini akolweni. Emaseli e-embryo, njenge-agar, yintfo lefana ne-pudding lekhishwa ku-algae. Kute labacwaningi bagucule umbungu ube sihlahla, bafaka i- hormone lekhulisako. Emakhulu etitja tepulasitiki letimise njenge cube letinetihlahla letincane te chestnut letite timphandze tingafakwa eshelufini ngaphansi kwesibane lesinemandla se fluorescent. Ekugcineni, bososayensi bafaka i-hormone yetimphandze, bahlanyela tihlahla tabo tekucala etimbiteni letigcwele umhlabatsi, futsi batibeka ekamelweni lekukhula lelilawulwa lizinga lekushisa. Akumangalisi kutsi letihlahla letiselabhorethri tisesimeni lesimbi ngaphandle. Ngakoke, labacwaningi batihlanganisa netihlahla tesiganga kwentela kukhicita tibonelo leticinile kepha letisamelana nekuhlolwa ensimini.
Emahlobo lamabili lendlulile, Hannah Pilkey, umfundzi lophothule elebhu yaPowell, wangikhombisa kutsi ngingakwenta kanjani loku. Walima le fungus lebangela kugula kwemagciwane esitjeni lesincane sepulasitiki se petri. Kuleli fomu lelivaliwe, leligciwane leli-orange lelikhanyako libukeka lingakaphatseki kabi futsi licishe libe lihle. Kulukhuni kucabanga kutsi kubangela kufa kwebantfu labanyenti kanye nekubhujiswa.
Lendlulamitsi lebeyisemhlabatsini yaguca ngemadvolo phansi, yamaka incenye yesihlahla lesincane lengemamilimitha lasihlanu, yenta tincetu letintsatfu leticondzile nge scalpel, yase igcobisa blight kulesilonda. Wativala ngefilimu yepulasitiki. Watsi: “Kufana ne- band-aid.” Njengoba lesi sihlahla lesingamelani “nekulawula”, ulindzele kutsi kugula kwewolintshi kusakateke ngekushesha kusuka endzaweni yekugoma bese ekugcineni kutungeleta leticu letincane. Wangikhombisa letinye tihlahla lebetinemajini akolweni labekatilaphe ngaphambili. Lokugula kuphelela lapho kujutjwe khona, njengetindzebe letincane leti-orenji letisedvute nemlomo lomncane.
Nga 2013, Maynard na Powell bamemetela imphumelelo yabo ku Transgenic Research: ngemuva kweminyaka lengu 109 ngemuva kwekutfolakala kwesifo se chestnut sase Melika, badala Tihlahla letibonakala titivikela, noma ngabe tihlaselwa yimithamo lemikhulu ye fungi lebunako. Ngekuhlonipha umnikeli wabo wekucala futsi lophana kakhulu, wafaka imali lecishe ibe ngu-$250 000, futsi bacwaningi bebabita tihlahla ngemagama akhe. Loku kubitwa ngekutsi Sitsandvwa 58.
Umhlangano waminyaka yonkhe weSehluko saseNew York seSikhwama Se-American Chestnut wabanjelwa ehhotela lelincane lelingaphandle kweNew Paltz ngeMgcibelo lonemvula nga-Okthoba 2018. Bantfu labangaba ngu-50 babutsana ndzawonye. Lomhlangano bekungumhlangano wetesayensi futsi bekungumhlangano wekushintjana nge chestnut. Ngemuva kweligumbi lelincane lekuhlangana, lamalunga ashintjana ngetikhwama te Ziploc letigcwele emantongomane. Lomhlangano bekukwekucala ngca eminyakeni lengu-28 kutsi Darling nobe Maynard angabi khona. Tinkinga temphilo tabagcina bobabili bangahambi. Allen Nichols, longumengameli walelicembu wangitjela watsi: “Sesikhatsini lesidze senta loku, futsi cishe njalo ngemnyaka siyathula ngalabafile.” Nomakunjalo, simo sinelitsemba: lesihlahla lesiguculwe ngekwelifa sesidlule iminyaka yekuhlolwa kwekuphepha kanye nekusebenta lokumatima.
Emalunga alesehluko aniketa singeniso lesinemininingwane ngesimo sesihlahla ngasinye lesikhulu se chestnut lesihlala eNew York State. Pilkey nalabanye bafundzi labaphotfule betfula indlela yekubutsela ndzawonye nekugcina imvubelo, indlela yekulima ema chestnuts ngaphansi kwetibane tangekhatsi, kanye nendlela yekugcwalisa umhlabatsi ngekugula kwe blight kwentela kwelula imphilo yetihlahla. Labantfu labanesifuba se cashew, labanyenti babo bafaka imvubelo futsi bakhulise tihlahla tabo, babuta imibuto kubososayensi labasha.
Bowell wabeka phansi, agcoke loko lebekubonakala ngatsi ngumfaniswano longasemtsetfweni walesehluko: lihembe lelinemgca wentsamo lelifakwe ku jeans. Kuphishekela kwakhe lokunemcondvo munye-umsebenti weminyaka lengemashumi lamatsatfu lohlelwe eceleni kwemgomo wa Herb Darling wekutfola ema chestnuts-kuyavela emkhatsini wabososayensi labafundzako, labavame kwenta lucwaningo ngemjikeleto wekukhokha iminyaka lesihlanu, bese Imiphumela letsembisako iniketwa labanye kutsi batsengise. Don Leopold, lebengisebenta naye eLitiko Letesayensi Yemvelo Nemahlatsi laPowell, wangitjela watsi: “Uyanaka kakhulu futsi uyatiya.” "Ufaka emakhethini. Akaphazanyiswa nguletinye tintfo letinyenti kangaka. Ngesikhatsi lucwaningo lugcina luchubekile, baphatsi beNyuvesi yaseNew York (SUNY) bamtsintsa futsi bacela lilungelo lebunikati lesihlahla sakhe kute inyuvesi ingazuza kuso, kepha Powell wala. Watsi tihlahla letiguculwe ngekwelifa tifana nalesi sifuba sebantfu basendvulo.
Kodvwa wabacwayisa watsi: Ngemuva kwekuncoba tihibe letinyenti tebuchwephesha, tihlahla letiguculwe ngekwelifa nyalo tingase tibhekane nensayeya lenkhulu: hulumende waseMelika. Emavikini lambalwa lendlulile, Powell wetfula lifayela lelicishe libe ngemakhasi langu-3 000 eLitiko Letekulima laseMelika Lekuhlola Imphilo Yetilwane Netitjalo, lelinesibopho sekuvumela titjalo letiguculwe ngekwelifa. Loku kucala inchubo yekuvunywa kwe-ejensi: kubuyeketa sicelo, kucela imibono yemmango, kukhicita sitatimende semtselela wemvelo, kucela imibono yemmango futsi bese kwenta sincumo. Lomsebenti ungatsatsa iminyaka leminyenti. Nangabe kute sincumo, lephrojekthi ingahle ime. (Sikhatsi sekucala sekuphawula kwemmango asikavulwa.)
Labacwaningi bahlela kwetfula letinye ticelo ku-Food and Drug Administration kute kutsi ikhone kuhlola kuphepha kwekudla kwemanti laguculwe ngekwelifa, futsi i-Ejensi Yekuvikela Imvelo itawubuyeketa umtselela wemvelo walesihlahla ngaphasi kweMtsetfo Wetibulala Tilwane Wembuso, lodzingekako kuto tonkhe titjalo letiguculwe ngekwelifa. tintfo letiphilako. “Loku kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunesayensi!” kwasho umuntfu lotsite kulabo lebebalalele.
"Yebo." Powell wavuma loko. "Isayensi iyatsakatelisa. Iyakhungatsekisa." (Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi wangitjela watsi: “Kugadza ngema-ejensi lamatsatfu lehlukene kuyintfo lengetulu kwemkhawulo. Kubulala mbamba kusungulwa kwetintfo letinsha ekuvikeleni imvelo.”)
Kufakazela kutsi sihlahla sabo siphephile, licembu laPowell lenta tivivinyo letehlukahlukene. Bebaphakela i-oxalate oxidase kumphova yetinyosi. Balinganisa kukhula kwesikhunta lesizuzisako emhlabatsini. Bashiya lamacembe emantini futsi baphenya ngemtselela wawo ku t. Kute imiphumela lemibi leyabonakala kunobe ngutiphi tifundvo-ecinisweni, empeleni, kusebenta kwekudla lokuguculwe ngekwelifa kuncono kunemacembe aletinye tihlahla letingaguculwa. Bososayensi batfumela lamantongomane eOak Ridge National Laboratory kanye nalamanye emalabhorethri eTennessee kutsi ayohlatiya, futsi abazange batfole umehluko nemantongomane lakhicitwa tihlahla letingakaguculwa.
Imiphumela lenjalo ingacinisekisa balawuli. Cishe ngeke bajabulise tishoshovu letiphikisa ema-GMO. John Dougherty, usosayensi lotsatse umhlalaphansi wase Monsanto, waniketa Powell tinsita tekubonisana mahhala. Labaphikisi wababita ngekutsi “baphikisi.” Emashumi eminyaka, tinhlangano temvelo betisolo ticwayisa kutsi kuhamba kwemajini emkhatsini wetinhlobo letihlobene khashane kutawuba nemiphumela lengakahlosiwe, njengekwakha “likhula lelikhulu” lelidlula titjalo temvelo, noma kwetfula emajini langephandle langabangela umsingatsi Kungenteka kwekugucuka lokuyingoti ku-DNA yaletinhlobo. Baphindze futsi bakhatsateke ngekutsi tinkampani tisebentisa bunjiniyela befutfo kute titfole emalungelo ekwakha kanye nekulawula tilwane letiphilako.
Kwanyalo, Powell watsi akayitfoli imali ngalokucondzile emithonjeni yemboni, futsi waphikelela kutsi kunikela ngemali elabhorethri “akuboshwa.” Nomakunjalo, Brenda Jo McManama, umhleli wenhlangano lebitwa ngekutsi “Inethiwekhi Yemvelo Yemdzabu”, waveta sivumelwano nga 2010 lapho khona iMonsanto yaniketa iChestnut Foundation kanye ne-ejensi yayo lesebenta nayo iNew York Lesehluko sagunyata emalungelo lamabili ekushintja ufuto. (Powell watsi iminikelo yemboni, kufaka ekhatsi iMonsanto, ibalelwa ngaphansi kwa 4% wemali yayo lephelele yemsebenti.) McManama usola kutsi iMonsanto (letfolwe yi Bayer nga 2018) ifuna ngasese kutfola lilungelo lebunikati ngekusekela loko lokubonakala ngatsi kuphindzaphindza kwesihlahla esikhatsini lesitako. Iphrojekthi lengaticabangeli. Watsi ngalokucondzile: “Monsan mubi konkhe.”
Powell watsi lilungelo lekukhicita esivumelwaneni sa 2010 seliphelile, futsi ngekuveta imininingwane yesihlahla sakhe etincwadzini tesayensi, ucinisekise kutsi lesihlahla angeke sibe nelungelo lekukhicita. Kodvwa wabona kutsi loku bekungeke kucedze konkhe kukhatsateka. Watsi, “Ngiyati kutsi umuntfu angasho kutsi umane nje ungumcibisholo weMonsanto.” “Yini longayenta? Kute longayenta.”
Cishe eminyakeni lesihlanu leyengcile, baholi be- American Chestnut Foundation baphetsa ngekutsi angeke bakhone kufeza imigomo yabo ngekuhlanganisa tilwane letifanako kuphela, ngako-ke bemukela luhlelo lwaPowell lwekuhlanganisa ufuto. Lesincumo sabangela kungavumelani lokutsite. Ngenyanga yeNdlovana 2019, mengameli weSehluko seSisekelo saseMassachusetts-Rhode Island, Lois Breault-Melican, washiya umsebenti, acaphuna iPhrojekthi Yemvelo Yebulungiswa Yemhlaba Wonkhe (Iphrojekthi Yebulungiswa Yemhlaba Wonkhe), inhlangano lelwa nebunjiniyela bemajini leseBuffalo. Iphrojekthi Yemvelo Yebulungiswa) impikiswano; indvodza yakhe Denis Melican nayo yashiya ibhodi. Dennis wangitjela kutsi laba lababili bebakhatsateke kakhulu kutsi ema chestnuts aPowell angafakazela kutsi “lihhashi lase Trojan”, lokuvule indlela yekutsi letinye tihlahla tekutsengisa tibe nemandla lamakhulu ngekusebentisa bunjiniyela befutfo.
Susan Offutt, umnotfo wetekulima, ukhonta njengasihlalo weSikolwa Savelonkhe Sesayensi, Bunjiniyela Nekomidi Lemitsi, leyenta lucwaningo nge-biotechnology yemahlatsini nga 2018. Waveta kutsi inchubo yahulumende yekulawula igcile endzabeni lencane yebungoti betintfo letiphilako, futsi labo bacishe bacabanga ngetenhlalakahle. tishoshovu letilwa ne-GMO. “Liyini linani leliyinhloko lelihlandze?” wabuta, njengesibonelo senkinga, lenchubo ayizange ilungiswe. "Ngabe emahlandze anetinzuzo tawo yini? Sinesibopho sekutiphatsa yini sekukucabangela loku nasenta tincumo tekungenelela?"
Liningi labososayensi lengikhulume nabo banesizatfu lesincane sekukhatsateka ngetihlahla ta Powell, ngoba lelihlatsi libe nemonakalo lomkhulu: kugawulwa kwetihlahla, kukhicita emayini, kutfutfukiswa, kanye netinambuzane letingapheli kanye netifo letibhubhisa tihlahla. Phakathi kwabo, chestnut wilt kufakazelwe kutsi Umkhosi wekuvula. Gary Lovett, longusati wemvelo wemahlatsini eSikhungweni Semvelo saseCary eMillbrook, eNew York, watsi: “Sihlale setfula tilwane letinsha letiphelele.” “Umtselela wema- chestnuts laguculwe ngekwelifa mncane kakhulu.”
Donald Waller, longusati wemvelo emahlatsini losandza kutsatsa umhlalaphansi eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin-Madison, wachubeka. Wangitjela watsi: "Ngakulolunye luhlangotsi, ngiveta kulinganisela lokuncane emkhatsini webungoti nemvuzo. Ngakulolunye luhlangotsi, ngivele ngihlale ngiklwebha inhloko yami ngifuna bungoti." Lesihlahla lesiguculwe ngekwelifa singahle sibe yingoti ehlatsini. Ngalokwehlukile, “likhasi lelingentasi kwemvuzo livele liphuphume ngenki.” Watsi i- chestnut lemelana nekubuna itawugcina incobile lelihlatsi lelihlaselwe. Bantfu badzinga litsemba. Bantfu badzinga timphawu. ”
Powell uvame kuhlala apholile, kepha labangabata ngebunjiniyela befutfo bangase bamnyakatise. Watsi: “Atisho lutfo kimi.” “Akusekelwe kusayensi.” Nangabe bonjiniyela bakhicita timoto nobe ema- smartphone lancono, kute umuntfu lokhononako, ngako ufuna kwati kutsi yini lengakalungi ngetihlahla letakhiwe kancono. Powell watsi: “Leli lithulusi lelingasita. "Kungani utsi angeke silisebentise lelithulusi?Singasebentisa sikulufu se-Phillips, kepha hhayi sikulufu lesivamile, futsi vice versa?"
Ngasekucaleni kwa-October 2018, ngahamba naPowell saya esiteshini sekushumayela lesimnene eningizimu yeSyracuse. Bekanelitsemba lekutsi likusasa letinhlobo te-chestnut yaseMelika litawukhula. Lendzawo icishe ingabi luhlangotsi, futsi ngulenye yetindzawo letimbalwa lapho khona tihlahla tivunyelwe kutsi tikhule. Emapulazi lamadze e pine kanye ne larch, umkhicito wephrojekthi yelucwaningo leseyishiywe sikhatsi lesidze, itsheka emphumalanga, khashane nemoya lobusako, kuniketa lendzawo umuva lokwesabisako kancane.
Umcwaningi Andrew Newhouse elabhorethri ya Powell sewuvele usebenta kulesinye setihlahla letinhle kakhulu tabososayensi, i-chestnut yasendle levela eningizimu yeVirginia. Lesihlahla singaba ngemamitha lamashumi lamabili nesihlanu ngebudze futsi sikhula engadzeni yetitselo ye chestnut lehlelwe ngekungakhetsi letungeletwe lucingo lwetinyamatane loluphakeme ngemamitha lalishumi. Lesikhwama sesikolwa besiboshwe emaphetselweni alamanye emagala alesihlahla. Newhouse wachaza kutsi lesikhwama sepulasitiki sangekhatsi besivaleleke ku Darling 58 pollen bososayensi labayifaka sicelo ngenyanga yeNhlaba, kantsi lesikhwama lesingaphandle se metal mesh besigcina letingulube tingakhuli ema burrs. Konkhe lokusetha kungaphansi kwekugadza lokucinile kweLitiko Letekulima laseMelika; ngaphambi kwekutsi kukhishwe umtsetfo, imvubelo noma emanti lasuka etihlahleni letinemajini langetiwe ngekwelifa elucingweni noma elabhorethri yemcwaningi kumele ahlukaniswe.
Newhouse waphatsa kabi tikelo tekusika letihocisekako emagatjeni. Kudvonsa ngentsambo, lelibala laphuka futsi lesikhwama sawa. Newhouse washeshe watfutsela egatjeni lelilandzelako lebelinesikhwama futsi waphindza lenchubo. Powell wabutsela ndzawonye letikhwama letiwile watifaka esikhwameni lesikhulu sepulasitiki semfucuza, njengekuphatsa tintfo letiyingoti ekuphileni.
Ngemuva kwekubuyela elabhorethri, Newhouse na Hannah Pilkey batfulula lesikhwama futsi bakhipha ngekushesha emantongomane lansundvu kuma burrs laluhlata. Banakekela kutsi bangavumeli lamanyeva angene esikhumbeni, lokuyingoti emsebentini elucwaningweni le chestnut. Esikhathini esidlule, bebatsandza onkhe emantongomane laligugu laguculwe ngekwelifa. Kulesikhatsi, ekugcineni baba netintfo letinyenti: letingetulu kwa-1 000. “Sonkhe senta imidanso lemincane lejabulisako,” kwasho Pirkey.
Kamuva ngalelo langa ntsambama, Powell watsatsa lama- chestnut waya nawo ehhovisi laNeil Patterson endzaweni yekungenisa. Bekulilanga lebantfu bendzabuko (Lilanga laColumbus), futsi Patterson, Umsiti Wemcondzisi weSikhungo Sebantfu Bendzabuko Nemvelo se-ESF, bekasandza kubuya ekoteni yekhampasi, lapho ahola khona umbukiso wekudla kwebantfu bendzabuko. Bantfwana bakhe lababili kanye nemntfwana wadzadzewabo badlala kukhompyutha ehhovisi. Wonkhe umuntfu wacabula futsi wadla emantongomane. Powell watsi ngekutisola: “Baseluhlata kancane.”
Sipho saPowell sinetinhloso letinyenti. Usabalalisa imbewu, anelitsemba lekusebentisa inethiwekhi yaPatterson kuhlanyela ema chestnuts etindzaweni letinsha, lapho angatfola khona imvubelo leguculwe ngekwelifa kungakapheli iminyaka lembalwa. Waphindze wahlanganyela ebudlelwaneni be-chestnut lobunebuciko.
Ngesikhatsi Patterson acashwa yi ESF nga 2014, watfola kutsi Powell bekalinga tihlahla letishintjwe ngekwelifa, lebetikhashane ngemakhilomitha lambalwa kuphela kusuka eNdzaweni Yekuhlala Yesive sase Onondaga. Lesi sakamuva sisehlathini emamayela lambalwa eningizimu yeSyracuse. Patterson wabona kutsi uma lephrojekthi iphumelela, emajini lamelana netifo atawugcina angene emhlabatsini bese ayawela nema chestnuts lasele lapho, ngaleyondlela ashintje lihlatsi lelibalulekile ekubeni ngu Onodaga. Waphindze weva ngekukhatsateka lokuchubela tishoshovu, kufaka ekhatsi labanye labavela emimangweni yemdzabu, kutsi baphikisane netintfo letiphilako letiguculwe ngekwelifa kuletinye tindzawo. Sibonelo, nga 2015, sive sema Yurok savimbela kugcinwa kwe GMO eNyakatfo ye California ngenca yekukhatsateka ngekutsi kungenteka kungcoliswa kwetintjalo tayo kanye nekudoba kwe salmon.
Patterson wangitjela watsi: “Ngiyabona kutsi loku kwenteka kitsi lapha; lokungenani kufanele sicoce.” Emhlanganweni we-Ejensi Yekuvikela Imvelo nga-2015 lowabanjelwa yi-ESF, Powell waniketa inkhulumo lebeyiceceshwe kahle kumalunga ebantfu bendzabuko baseNew York. Ngemuva kwalenkhulumo, Patterson wakhumbula kutsi baholi labanyenti batsi: “Kufanele sihlanyele tihlahla!” Umdlandla wabo wamangalisa Patterson. Watsi: “Bengingakulindzeli.”
Nomakunjalo, tinkhulumo letalandzela takhombisa kutsi bambalwa kubo labayikhumbula mbamba indzima leyayidlalwa sihlahla se chestnut emasikweni aso esintfu. Lucwaningo lwa Patterson lolulandzelako lwamtjela kutsi ngesikhatsi lapho khona tiphitsiphitsi tetenhlalakahle kanye nekubhujiswa kwemvelo kwenteka ngesikhatsi sinye, hulumende wase US bekasebentisa luhlelo lolukhulu lwekuphocelelwa kukhishwa kwebantfu kanye nekuhlanganiswa, futsi lolubhubhane lwase lufikile. Njengaletinye tintfo letiningi, lisiko le chestnut lendzawo kulendzawo selinyamalele. Patterson waphindze watfola kutsi imibono ngebunjiniyela befutfo yehluka kakhulu. Umkhiciti wetindvuku te lacrosse wase Onoda Alfie Jacques uyakulangatela kwenta tindvuku ngetigodvo te chestnut futsi usekela lephrojekthi. Labanye bacabanga kutsi ingoti inkhulu kakhulu ngako-ke baphikisana netihlahla.
Patterson uyaticondza letikhundla letimbili. Usandza kungitjela watsi: “Kufanana namakhalekhikhini nemntfwanami.” Uvete kutsi umntfwana wakhe ubuya ekhaya abuya esikolweni ngenca yesifo se-coronavirus. "Ngalelinye lilanga ngaphuma konkhe; kubagcina bachumana, bayafundza. Ngelilanga lelilandzelako, njenge, asilahle leto tintfo." Kodvwa iminyaka yekukhulumisana naPowell yenta butsakatsaka kungabata kwakhe. Akukadze, watfola kutsi inzalo lesemkhatsini yetihlahla letingu 58 te Darling angeke ibe nemajini langeniswe, lokusho kutsi ema chestnuts ekucala asendle atawuchubeka akhule ehlatsini. Patterson watsi loku kucedza inkinga lenkhulu.
Ngesikhatsi sivakashele ngenyanga yeMphala, wangitjela kutsi sizatfu sekutsi kungani angakhoni kusekela ngalokugcwele lephrojekthi ye GM kutsi bekangati kutsi Powell uyakhatsalela yini bantfu labasebentisana nalesihlahla noma lesihlahla. “Angati kutsi yini lekhona kuye,” kusho Patterson ashaya sifuba sakhe. Watsi kuphela uma buhlobo emkhatsini wemuntfu ne chestnut bungabuyiselwa, kuyadzingeka kutsi kuphindze kutfolakale lesihlahla.
Kute kwentiwe loku, watsi uhlela kusebentisa lamantongomane Powell lamnika wona kwenta i-chestnut pudding kanye nemafutsa. Utawuletsa letidlo ensimini yase Onondaga futsi ameme bantfu kutsi baphindze batfole kunambitseka kwabo kwasendvulo. Watsi: “Nginelitsemba lekutsi kunjalo, kufana nekubingelela umngani wakho lomdzala.Kudzingeka nje kutsi ungene ebhasini usuka lapho ume khona kwekugcina.”
Powell watfola sipho setigidzi letingu $3.2 kusuka ku Templeton World Charity Foundation nga Januwari, lokutawuvumela Powell kutsi achubeke njengoba ahamba ngetinyawo ema-ejensi lacondzisako futsi anweba lucwaningo lwakhe kusuka ku-genetics kuya ecinisweni lelingilo layo yonkhe indzawo yekulungisa. Uma hulumende amnika sibusiso, Powell nabososayensi labavela eMelika Chestnut Foundation batawucala kuyivumela kutsi iqhakaze. Imvubelo kanye nemajini ayo langetiwe itawuphephulwa noma ibhushwe etitjeni letilindzelwe taletinye tihlahla, futsi siphetfo sema chestnuts laguculwe ngekwelifa sitawuvela ngekutimela endzaweni yekuhlola lelawulwako. Kutsatsa kutsi lelijini lingagcinwa kokubili ensimini naselabhorethri, loku akuciniseki, futsi kutawusakateka ehlatsini-leli liphuzu lemvelo lelifiswa bososayensi kepha ema radicals ayesaba.
Ngemuva kwekutsi kube nesihlahla se-chestnut lesikhululekile, ungatsenga yini? Yebo, Newhouse watsi, lelo bekulicebo. Bacwaningi babutwa njalo ngeliviki kutsi tihlahla titfolakala nini.
Emhlabeni lapho Powell, Newhouse kanye nebalingani bakhe bahlala khona, kulula kuva kutsi live lonkhe lilindzele sihlahla sabo. Nomakunjalo, kushayela libanga lelifishane kuya enyakatfo kusuka epulazini lelucwaningo ngekuhamba edolobhenikati lase Syracuse kukhumbuta kutsi tingucuko letijulile tenteke kangakanani endzaweni kanye nemmango kusukela kwanyamalala ema chestnuts ase Melika. I-Chestnut Heights Drive isedolobheni lelincane enyakatfo yeSyracuse. Kuyindlela levamile yekuhlala lenetindlela tekushayela letibanti, ema lawns lacocekile, futsi ngaletinye tikhatsi tihlahla letincane tekuhlobisa letigcwele egcekeni lelingaphambili. . Lenkampani yetigodvo ayidzingi kuvuselelwa kwema chestnuts. Umnotfo wekulima lotimelako losekelwe kuma chestnuts sewunyamalele ngalokuphelele. Cishe kute umuntfu lokhipha emantongomane lathambile nalamnandzi kusuka kuma burrs lacinile kakhulu. Kungenteka kutsi bantfu labanyenti abati nekutsi kute lokushodako kulelihlatsi.
Ngama futsi ngaba nesidlo sakusihlwa sepikiniki ngaseLake Onondaga ngaphansi kwemtfunti wesihlahla lesikhulu semlotsa lesimhlophe. Lesihlahla besihlaselwe ngema borers lampunga laluhlata lokhanyako. Ngiyakhona kubona timbobo letentiwa tilwanyana emagcolo. Icala kulahlekelwa ngemacembe ayo futsi ingafa bese iyawa ngemuva kweminyaka lembalwa. Kute nje ngite lapha ngisuka ekhaya lami eMaryland, ngashayela ngadlula tinkhulungwane tetihlahla temlotsa letifile, nemagala e-pitchfork langakagcokwa lakhuphuka eceleni kwemgwaco.
E Appalachia, lenkampani ikhuhle tihlahla kusuka endzaweni lenkhulu yase Bitlahua kutfola emalahle ngephansi. Inhlitiyo yelive lamalahle ihlangana nenhlitiyo yelive langaphambilini le-chestnut. I-American Chestnut Foundation yasebenta netinhlangano letahlanyela tihlahla etimayini temalahle letilahliwe, futsi tihlahla te-chestnut nyalo tikhula etinkhulungwaneni temahekitha emhlabatsini lotsintsekile ngulenhlekelele. Letihlahla tiyincenye kuphela yema hybrids lamelana nekubhujiswa kwemagciwane, kepha tingafanana nesitukulwane lesisha setihlahla letingakhona ngalelinye lilanga kuncintisana netikhulu temahlatsi asendvulo.
Ngenyanga yeNkhwenkhweti lephelile, lizinga le-carbon dioxide emkhatsini lifinyelele etincenyeni letingu-414.8 ngesigidzi kwekucala ngca. Njengaletinye tihlahla, sisindvo lesingekho emanti se chestnuts yase Melika cishe yingxenye ye carbon. Tintfo letimbalwa longatilima esicephuni semhlaba tingatsatsa icarbon emoyeni ngekushesha kwendlula sihlahla se chestnut lesikhulako. Sicabanga ngaloko, sihloko lesashicilelwa ku- Wall Street Journal ngemnyaka lophelile sasikisela kutsi, “Asibe nalelinye lipulazi le- chestnut.”