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Kukhula kwe Shale emadamu e clastic kwenta tinkinga letinkhulu, lokuholela ekungasimameni kwe wellbore. Ngetizatfu temvelo, kusetjentiswa kwemanti ekubhobola lasekelwe emantini lanetivimbeli te shale letengetiwe kunconotwa kunemanti ekubhobola lasekelwe ku oyili. Tintfo letimanti te Ionic (ILs) tihehe kunaka lokukhulu njengetivimbeli te shale ngenca yetintfo tato letingagucuka kanye netimphawu leticinile te electrostatic. Nomakunjalo, emanti lasekelwe ku imidazolyl (ILs), lasetjentiswa kakhulu kumanti ekubhobola, akhombise kutsi anebuthi, akaboli futsi ayabita. Tintfo letijulile te eutectic solvents (DES) titsatfwa njengendlela lebita kakhulu futsi lencane lenebuthi kunetintfo letimanti te ionic, kepha tisasilela ekusimameni kwemvelo lokudzingekako. Inchubekelembili yakamuva kulomkhakha iholele ekwetfulweni kwetintfo temvelo letijulile te eutectic solvents (NADES), letatiwa ngekutsi tinebungani bato beliciniso bemvelo. Lolucwaningo lwaphenya ngema NADES, lacuketse i-citric acid (njengekwemukela sibopho se hydrogen) kanye ne glycerol (njengemnikeli wesibopho se hydrogen) njengetintfo letingetiwe tekubhobola. Letintfo letisetjentiswako tekubhobola letisekelwe ku-NADES takhiwe ngekuhambisana ne-API 13B-1 futsi kusebenta kwato kwacatsaniswa netintfo letisetjentiswako tekubhobola letisekelwe ku-potassium chloride, tintfo letisetjentiswako letisekelwe ku-ionic letisekelwe ku-imidazolium, kanye netintfo letisetjentiswako tekubhobola letisekelwe ku-choline chloride:urea-DES. Letimphahla te-physicochemical tema-NADES laphetse tichazwe kabanti. Letimphahla te rheological, kulahleka kwemanti, kanye netimphawu tekuvimbela i-shale yemanti ekubhobola kwahlolwa ngesikhatsi sekufundvwa, futsi kwakhonjiswa kutsi ngesikhatsi sekuhlanganiswa kwe 3% NADESs, kucindzeteleka kwekukhicita/silinganiso se viscosity yepulasitiki (YP/PV) kwakhuliswa, kucina kwelikhekhe leludzaka kwancishiswa nge 26%, kanye nevolumu ye3. Kuyaphawuleka kutsi, i-NADES itfole lizinga lekuvimbela kunwebeka lelihlaba umkhosi le-49.14% futsi yakhulisa umkhicito we-shale nga-86.36%. Lemiphumela ihlobene nemandla e NADES ekugucula umsebenti wemhlabatsi, emandla e zeta, kanye nesikhala se interlayer yebumba, lokucocwa ngako kuleliphepha kuvisisa tindlela letisisekelo. Loludzaka lwekubhobola lolusimeme lulindzeleke kutsi luguculele imboni yekubhobola ngekuniketa lenye indlela lengabi nebuthi, lengabiti, futsi lesebenta kakhulu kunetindlela tekuvimbela kugcola kwe-shale yendabuko, lokuvula indlela yetindlela tekubhobola letingalimati imvelo.
Shale lidvwala leligucugucukako lelisebenta njengemtfombo kanye nendzawo yekugcina ema hydrocarbons, futsi sakhiwo sayo lesinetikhala1 siniketa emandla ekukhicita kanye nekugcina letintfo letibalulekile. Nomakunjalo, i-shale icebile ngemaminerali elibumba lafana ne montmorillonite, i-smectite, i-kaolinite kanye ne-illite, lokwenta kutsi ibe nekuvuvuka uma ihlangana nemanti, lokuholela ekungasimameni kwemgodzi ngesikhatsi semisebenti yekubhobola2,3. Letindzaba tingaholela esikhatsini lesingakhiciti (NPT) kanye netinkinga letiningi tekusebenta letifaka ekhatsi emaphayiphi labhajwe, kulahleka kwekuhamba kweludzaka, kubhidlika kwe wellbore kanye nekungcola lokuncane, kukhulisa sikhatsi sekululama kanye netindleko. Ngekwemlandvo, emafutsa ekubhobola lasekelwe ku oyili (OBDF) bekukukhetsa lokukhetsiwe kwekwakheka kwe shale ngenca yemandla ato ekumelana nekwandziswa kwe shale4. Kepha, kusetjentiswa kwemanti ekubhobola lasekelwe ku oyili kufaka tindleko letisetulu kanye nebungoti bemvelo. Tintfo tekubhobola letisekelwe ekukhiciteni (SBDF) titsatfwe njengalenye indlela, kepha kufaneleka kwato etindzaweni letishisako letisetulu akugculisi. Emanti lasekelwe ekubhoboleni (WBDF) sisombululo lesihehanako ngoba tiphephile, tilungele imvelo, futsi atibiti kakhulu kune OBDF5. Tivimbeli letehlukene te shale tisetjentisiwe kwenta ncono likhono lekuvimbela ishale ye WBDF, kufaka ekhatsi tivimbeli tendzabuko letifana ne potassium chloride, umcako, silicate, kanye ne polymer. Nomakunjalo, letivimbeli tinemikhawulo ngekusebenta kahle kanye nemtselela wemvelo, ikakhulu ngenca ye K+ lesetulu ku potassium chloride inhibitors kanye nekuzwela kwe pH kwema silicates. 6 Bacwaningi bahlole kutsi kungenteka yini kutsi basebentise emanti la-ionic njengetintfo letingetiwe emanti ekubhobola kwenta ncono i-rheology yemanti ekubhobola kanye nekuvikela kuvuvuka kwe-shale kanye nekwakheka kwe-hydrate. Nomakunjalo, letintfo letimanti te ionic, ikakhulu leto letine imidazolyl cations, tivame kuba nebuthi, tiyabita, atiboli, futsi tidzinga tindlela tekulungisa letiyinkimbinkimbi. Kucatulula letinkinga, bantfu bacala kufuna lenye indlela leyonga kakhulu futsi lehambisana nemvelo, lokuholele ekuveleni kwetinhlayiya letijulile te eutectic (DES). iDES ngumhlanganiso we eutectic lowakhiwa ngumnikeli wesibopho se hydrogen (HBD) kanye nekwemukela sibopho se hydrogen (HBA) ngesilinganiso lesitsite se molar kanye nekushisa. Letingcucuko te eutectic tinetindzawo letiphansi tekuncibilika kunetincenye tato ngamunye, ikakhulu ngenca yekushaja kwekukhishwa kwendzawo lokubangelwa tibopho te hydrogen. Tintfo letiningi, kufaka ekhatsi emandla e-lattice, kushintja kwe-entropy, kanye nekusebentisana emkhatsini we-anions ne-HBD, kudlala indzima lebalulekile ekwehliseni liphuzu lekuncibilika le-DES.
Etifundvweni letindlulile, tintfo letehlukene letingetiwe tangetwa ku fluid yekubhobola lesekelwe emantini kwentela kucatulula inkinga yekwandziswa kwe shale. Sibonelo saloko kutsi Ofei nalabanye. wengeta i-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl), leyehlisa kakhulu bukhulu belikhekhe leludzaka (kufika ku 50%) futsi yehlisa linani le YP/PV nga 11 ngetikhatsi letehlukene tekushisa. Huang kanye nalabanye. kusetjentiswe tintfo letimanti te-ionic (ikakhulukati, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide kanye ne-1,2-bis(3-hexylimidazol-1-yl)ethane bromide) ngekuhlanganiswa netinhlayiya te-Na-Bt futsi kwanciphisa kakhulu kuvuvuka kwe-shale nga-86.43% kanye na-941. Ngetulu kwaloko, Yang et al. kusetjentiswe i-1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide kanye ne-1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide kunciphisa kuvuvuka kwe shale nga 16.91% kanye na 5.81%, ngekulandzelana. 13 Yang kanye nalabanye. iphindze yasebentisa i-1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide futsi yanciphisa kunwebeka kwe-shale nga-31.62% ngesikhatsi igcina kululama kwe-shale nga-40.60%. 14 Ngetulu kwaloko, Luo nalabanye. kusetjentiswe i-1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate kunciphisa kuvuvuka kwe-shale nga-80%. 15, 16 Dai kanye nalabanye. isebentise ema-copolymers lasemantini e-ionic kuvimbela i-shale futsi yazuza 18% wekukhula kwekululama kwemugca uma kucatsaniswa netivimbeli te-amine. 17
Tintfo letimanti te-ionic tona tinetintfo letimbi, lokwenta bososayensi kutsi bafune letinye tindlela letingalimati imvelo kunetintfo letimanti te-ionic, futsi ngaleyondlela kwatalwa i-DES. Hanjia waba wekucala kusebentisa tinhlayiya letijulile te-eutectic (DES) letifaka ekhatsi i-vinyl chloride esidi (1:1), i-vinyl chloride 3-phenylpropionic esidi (1:2), kanye ne-3-mercaptopropionic esidi + i-itaconic esidi + i-vinyl chloride (1:1:2), levimbela 8, 58%, ngekulandzelana18. Kulokuhlola kwamahhala, MH Rasul wasebentisa silinganiso se 2:1 se glycerol kanye ne potassium carbonate (DES) futsi wanciphisa kakhulu kuvuvuka kwemasampula e shale nga 87%19,20. Ma wasebentisa i-urea:vinyl chloride kunciphisa kakhulu kunwebeka kwe shale nga 67%.21 Rasul et al. Inhlanganisela ye DES ne polymer yasetjentiswa njengendlela yekuvimbela i-shale lesebenta kabili, leyazuza umphumela lomuhle kakhulu wekuvimbela i-shale22.
Noma nje tintfo letijulile te eutectic solvents (DES) tivame kutsatfwa njengenye indlela leluhlata kunetintfo letimanti te ionic, tiphindze tibe netintfo letingaba nebuthi letifana ne ammonium salts, lokwenta kutsi bungani bato nemvelo bungabata. Lenkinga iholele ekutfutfukiseni tintfo temvelo letijulile te-eutectic (NADES). Tisahlukaniswa njenge DES, kepha takhiwe ngetintfo temvelo kanye neluswayi, kufaka ekhatsi ipotassium chloride (KCl), icalcium chloride (CaCl2), luswayi lwe Epsom (MgSO4.7H2O), kanye nalokunye. Letinhlanganisela letinyenti letingaba khona te DES ne NADES tivula umkhakha lomkhulu welucwaningo kulendzawo futsi kulindzeleke kutsi titfole kusetjentiswa etindzaweni letehlukahlukene. Bacwaningi labanyenti batfutfukise ngemphumelelo inhlanganisela lemisha ye-DES lekhombise kusebenta kahle etincenyeni letehlukahlukene. Sibonelo saloko kutsi Naser nalabanye. 2013 wahlanganisa i-DES lesekelwe ku-potassium carbonate futsi wafundza ngetimphahla tayo tekushisa, lekwalandzela kutfola kusetjentiswa etindzaweni tekuvimbela i-hydrate, kubhobola kwengeteka kwemanti, kukhipha emanti, kanye ne-nanofibrillation. 23 Jordy Kim kanye nebasebenti labasebenta nabo batfutfukisa i-NADES lesekelwe ku-ascorbic acid futsi bahlola timphahla tayo tekulwa nekugula etincenyeni letehlukahlukene. 24 Khristu kanye nalabanye. yatfutfukisa i-NADES lesekelwe ku-citric acid futsi yakhomba emandla ayo njengesisebenti sekusita imikhicito ye-collagen. 25 Liu Yi kanye nebasebenti labasebenta nabo bafingqa kusetjentiswa kwe-NADES njengemidiya yekukhipha kanye ne-chromatography ekubuyeketeni lokuphelele, kantsi Misan et al. kukhulunywe ngekusebentisa ngemphumelelo kwe-NADES emkhakheni wekudla kwekulima. Kubalulekile kutsi bacwaningi bemanti ekubhobola bacale kunaka kusebenta kwe NADES ekusebentiseni kwabo. kwamuva. Ngo-2023, Rasul nalabanye. isebentise inhlanganisela lehlukene yetinhlayiya temvelo letijulile te-eutectic letisekelwe ku-ascorbic acid26, i-calcium chloride27, i-potassium chloride28 kanye neluswayi lwe-Epsom29 futsi yazuza kuvimbela kwe-shale lokumangalisako kanye nekululama kwe-shale. Lolu cwaningo lungulenye yetifundvo tekucala tekwetfula i-NADES (ikakhulukati i-citric acid kanye nekwakheka lokusekelwe ku-glycerol) njengendlela yekuvimbela i-shale lenebungani nemvelo futsi lephumelelako kumanti ekubhobola lasekelwe emantini, lefaka kusimama lokuhle kakhulu kwemvelo, likhono lekuvimbela i-shale lephucukile kanye nekusebenta kwemanti laphucukile ku-K yendabuko, imidazolyl-based ionic tintfo letimanti kanye ne-DES yendabuko.
Lolucwaningo lutawufaka ekhatsi kulungiselela ngaphakathi kwe-NADES lesekelwe ku-citric acid (CA) kulandzelwe kuchazwa lokunemininingwane ye-physicochemical kanye nekusetjentiswa kwayo njengesengeto semanti ekubhobola kuhlola timphahla temanti ekubhobola kanye nemandla ayo ekuvimbela kuvuvuka. Kulolucwaningo, i-CA itawusebenta njengemukeli wesibopho se-hydrogen kantsi i-glycerol (Gly) itawusebenta njengemnikeli wesibopho se-hydrogen lokhetsiwe ngekuya ngendlela yekuhlola ye-MH yekwakheka/kukhetsa i-NADES etifundvweni tekuvimbela i-shale30. Fourier kugucula i-spectroscopy lebovu (FTIR), kusakateka kwe-X-ray (XRD) kanye nekukala kwemandla e-zeta (ZP) kutawucacisa kusebentisana kwe-NADES-libumba kanye nendlela lesembili yekuvimbela kuvuvuka kwelibumba. Ngetulu kwaloko, lolucwaningo lutawucatsanisa lutfuli lwekubhobola lolusekelwe ku-CA NADES ne-DES32 lesekelwe ku-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]
I-esidi ye-citric (i-monohydrate), i-glycerol (99 USP), kanye ne-urea kwatsengwa e-EvaChem, eKuala Lumpur, eMalaysia. I-Cl 98%, kanye ne-potassium kwatsengwa eSigma Aldrich, eMalaysia. Letakhiwo temakhemikhali tawo onkhe emakhemikhali tikhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 1. Umdvwebo loluhlata ucatsanisa emakhemikhali lamakhulu lasetjentiswe kulolucwaningo: imidazolyl ionic liquid, i-choline chloride (DES), i-citric acid, i-glycerol, i-potassium chloride, kanye ne-NADES (i-citric acid ne-glycerol). Lithebula lekungalimati imvelo lemakhemikhali lasetjentiswe kulolucwaningo letfulwe ku Lithebula 1. Kulelithebula, ikhemikhali ngayinye ilinganiswa ngekuya ngebuthi, kubola kwetilwane, tindleko, kanye nekusimama kwemvelo.
Tinhlaka temakhemikhali tetintfo letisetjentiswe kulolucwaningo: (a) i-citric acid, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) i-choline chloride, kanye (d) ne-glycerol.
Umnikeli we-hydrogen bond (HBD) kanye ne-hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) labakhetsiwe bekutfutfukisa i-CA (i-NADES lejulile yemvelo) lesekelwe ku-NADES bakhetfwa ngekucophelela ngekuya kwendlela yekukhetsa ye-MH 30, lehloselwe kutfutfukisa i-NADES njengetivimbeli te-shale letiphumelelako. Ngekuya kwalendlela, tincenye letinelinani lelikhulu lebanikeli be-hydrogen bond kanye nebemukeli kanye nemacembu lasebentako e-polar kutsatfwa njengalokufanele kutfutfukiswa kwe-NADES.
Ngetulu kwaloko, le-ionic lesemantini [EMIM]Cl kanye ne-choline chloride:urea lejulile le-eutectic solvent (DES) yakhetfwa kutsi icatsaniswe kulolucwaningo ngoba isetjentiswa kakhulu njengetintfo letingetiwe te-ionic yekubhobola33,34,35,36. Ngekwengeta, i-potassium chloride (KCl) yacatsaniswa ngoba iyintfo levamile yekuvimbela.
iCitric acid ne glycerol bekuhlanganiswa ngetindlela letehlukene te molar kwentela kutfola tihlanganisi te eutectic. Kuhlolwa lokubonwako kwakhombisa kutsi le ngxube ye eutectic beyiyintfo lefanako, lebonakalako ngaphandle kwekugucuka, lokukhombisa kutsi umnikeli we hydrogen bond (HBD) kanye nemukeli we hydrogen bond (HBA) kwahlanganiswa ngemphumelelo kulokwakheka kwe eutectic. Kuhlolwa kwekucala kwentiwa kwentela kubuka kutiphatsa lokuncike ekushiseni kwenchubo yekuhlanganisa ye HBD ne HBA. Ngekuya kwetincwadzi letikhona, linani lekuhlanganiswa kwe eutectic lahlolwa kumazinga lamatsatfu lakhetsekile langetulu kwa 50 °C, 70 °C kanye na 100 °C, lokukhombisa kutsi lizinga lekushisa le eutectic livame kuba sesigabeni sa 50–80 °C. Ibhalansi yedijithali ye Mettler yasetjentiswa kukala kahle tincenye te HBD kanye ne HBA, futsi ipuleti lelishisako le Thermo Fisher yasetjentiswa kushisa kanye nekuvusa iHBD kanye ne HBA nga 100 rpm ngaphansi kwetimo letilawulwako.
Letimphahla te-thermophysical te-solvent yetfu lejulile ye-eutectic (DES) lehlanganisiwe, kufaka ekhatsi bukhulu, kucina kwemhlabatsi, inkomba yekuphuka, kanye ne-viscosity, kwakalwa kahle ngetulu kweluhlu lwekushisa kusuka ku-289.15 kuya ku-333.15 K. Kufanele kucashelwe kutsi loluhlu lwekushisa lwekulinganisa lwe-primarily lwakhetfwa. Lokuhlatiya lokuphelele kwafaka ekhatsi kufundza lokujulile kwetintfo letehlukene te thermophysical talekwakheka kwe NADES, kuveta kutiphatsa kwabo ngetulu kweluhlu lwekushisa. Kugcila kulelibanga lelitsite lekushisa kuniketa lwati ngetimphahla te NADES letibaluleke kakhulu kusetjentiswa lokuningi.
Kucindzeteleka kwemhlabatsi we NADES njengoba-ilungiselelwe kwakalwa ebangeni kusuka ku 289.15 kuya ku 333.15 K kusetjentiswa imitha yekucindzeteleka kwebuso (IFT700). Emacondziso e-NADES akhiwa egumbini leligcwele umthamo lomkhulu wemanti kusetjentiswa inyalisi ye-capillary ngaphansi kwetimo letitsite tekushisa kanye nekucindzeteleka. Tinhlelo tekutsatsa titfombe tesimanje tetfula emapharamitha lafanele e-geometric kubala kucindzeteleka kwe-interfacial kusetjentiswa i-equation yaLaplace.
I-ATAGO refractometer yasetjentiswa kutfola inkomba yekuphuka kwe NADES lesanda kulungiswa ngetulu kwelizinga lekushisa lelisuka ku 289.15 kuya ku 333.15 K. Lelithuluzi lisebentisa imojuli yekushisa kulawula lizinga lekushisa kulinganisa lizinga lekuphuka kwekukhanya, kucedza sidzingo sekushisa kwemanti lokuhlala njalo. Lendzawo ye prism ye refractometer kumele ihlantwe bese sisombululo sesampula kumele sisabalaliswe ngekulingana phezu kwayo. Calibrate ngesisombululo lesijwayelekile lesatiwako, bese ufundza inkomba yekuphuka kusuka esikrinini.
I-viscosity ye-NADES lelungiselelwe njengobe ilungiselelwe yakalwa ngetulu kwelizinga lekushisa lelisuka ku-289.15 kuya ku-333.15 K kusetjentiswa i-viscometer yekujika ye-Brookfield (luhlobo lwe-cryogenic) ngesilinganiso sekucheba se-30 rpm kanye nebukhulu be-spindle be-6. isampula lesemantini. Ngemuva kwekutsi lesampula ibekwe esikrinini ngaphansi kwe spindle bese iyaciniswa, le viscometer ikhombisa kucina nge centipoise (cP), kuniketa lwati lolubalulekile ngetimphahla te rheological tale ketshezi.
Imitha yekucina lephatsekako DMA 35 Basic yasetjentiswa kutfola buningi be-eutectic solvent yemvelo lejulile lesanda kulungiswa (NDEES) esigabeni sekushisa se-289.15–333.15 K. Njengobe le-device ayinayo i-heater leyakhelwe ngaphakathi ngaphambi kwekutsi kushiswe °C i-N±AD) imitha yebuningi. Dvweba lokungenani 2 ml wesampula ngeshubhu, bese buningi butawukhonjiswa ngekushesha esikrinini. Kufanele kucashelwe kutsi ngenca yekungabikhona kwe heater leyakhelwe ngaphakathi, imiphumela yekukala inephutsa le ± 2 °C.
Kuhlola i-pH ye-NADES lesanda kulungiswa esigabeni sekushisa se-289.15–333.15 K, sasebentisa imitha ye-pH ye-Kenis lesebhentjini. Njengoba kute intfo yekushisa leyakhelwe ngaphakathi, iNADES yacala kushiswa yafika esigabeni sekushisa lesifunwako (±2 °C) kusetjentiswa i-hotplate bese ilinganiswa ngco nge pH meter. Cwilisa ngalokuphelele i-pH meter probe ku-NADES bese ubhala linani lekugcina ngemuva kwekutsi kufundza sekuzinzile.
Kuhlatiya kwekushisa (TGA) kwasetjentiswa kuhlola kusimama kwekushisa kwetinhlayiya temvelo letijulile te-eutectic (NADES). Emasampula ahlaziywa ngesikhatsi sekushisa. Kusebentisa ibhalansi lesetulu-lecinisekile kanye nekugadza ngekucophelela inchubo yekushisa, kwakhiwa luhlelo lwekulahlekelwa kwebuningi uma kucatsaniswa nekushisa. iNADES yashiswa kusuka ku 0 kuya ku 500 °C ngesilinganiso se 1 °C ngemzuzu.
Kucala lenchubo, lesampula ye NADES kumele ihlanganiswe kahle, ibe ne homogenized, bese kususwa umswakama longetulu. Lesampula lelungisiwe ibese ifakwa ku TGA cuvette, levame kwentiwa ngentfo lengasebenti njenge aluminium. Kucinisekisa imiphumela lenembile, tintfo tekusebenta te-TGA tiyalinganiswa kusetjentiswa tintfo tekubhekisa, ngalokuvamile emazinga esisindvo. Uma sekulinganisiwe, kuhlolwa kwe TGA kuyacala bese lesampula iyashiswa ngendlela lelawulwako, kuvame ngesilinganiso lesihlala sikhona. Kugadza lokuchubekako kwebudlelwane emkhatsini wesisindvo sesampula kanye nekushisa kuyincenye lebalulekile yekuhlola. Tintfo tekusebenta te-TGA tibutsela ndzawonye idatha ngekushisa, sisindvo, kanye naletinye tilinganiso letifana nekugeleta kwegesi noma kushisa kwesampula. Uma sekuphelile lokuhlolwa kwe TGA, idatha lebutfwe iyahlaziywa kwentela kutfola lushintjo lwesisindvo sesampula njengemsebenti wekushisa. Lolwati lubalulekile ekutfoleni emabanga ekushisa lahambisana netingucuko letibonakalako kanye nemakhemikhali kulesampula, kufaka ekhatsi tinchubo letifana nekuncibilika, kuhhwamuka, i-oxidation, noma kubola.
Le fluid yekubhobola lesekelwe emantini yakhiwa ngekucophelela ngekuya kwelizinga le API 13B-1, futsi kwakheka kwayo lokutsite kubhalwe ku Lithebula 2 kwentela kubhekisa. iCitric esidi kanye ne glycerol (99 USP) kwatsengwa eSigma Aldrich, eMalaysia kwentela kulungisa sihlanganisi semvelo lesijulile se eutectic (iNADES). Ngekwengeta, lendlela levamile yekuvimbela i-shale (KCl) nayo yatsengwa eSigma Aldrich, eMalaysia. 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) lenebumsulwa lobungetulu kwa 98% yakhetfwa ngenca yemtselela wayo lomkhulu ekwenteni ncono i-rheology yekubhobola kwemanti kanye nekuvimbela i-shale, lokucinisekiswe etifundvweni letindlulile. Kokubili iKCl kanye ne ([EMIM]Cl) kutawusetjentiswa ekuhlaziyeni lokucatsanisako kuhlola kusebenta kwekuvimbela i-shale ye-NADES.
Bacwaningi labaningi banconota kusebentisa emacembe eBentonite kufundza kuvuvuka kwe shale ngoba iBentonite icuketse licembu lelifanako le “montmorillonite” lelibangela kuvuvuka kwe shale. Kutfola emasampula e-shale core mbamba kuyinsayeya ngoba inchubo yekukhicita i-shale ingasimami, lokuholela kumasampula langasiyo i-shale ngalokuphelele kepha avame kuba nekuhlanganiswa kwetinhlayiya te-sandstone kanye ne-limestone. Ngekwengeta, emasampula e shale avame kushoda ngemacembu e montmorillonite labangela kuvuvuka kwe shale ngakoke akakulungeli kuhlolwa kwekuvimbela kuvuvuka.
Kulesifundvo, sasebentisa tinhlayiya te-bentonite letiphindze takhiwe ngebubanti lobucishe bube ngu-2.54 cm. Letinhlavu takhiwa ngekucindzetela emagremu langu 11.5 e sodium bentonite imphuphu emshinini wekucindzetela ngemanti ku 1600 psi. Kucina kwetinhlavu kwakalwa kahle ngaphambi kubekwe ku dilatometer lesemgceni (LD). Letinhlayiya tase ticwiliswa kumasampula eludzaka lwekubhobola, kufaka ekhatsi emasampula lasisekelo kanye nemasampula lajovwa ngetintfo letivimbelako letisetjentiswa kuvikela kuvuvuka kwe shale. Lolushintjo lwekucina kwe granule lwabese lugadvwa kahle kusetjentiswa iLD, ngekukala lokubhalwe phansi ngesikhatsi semizuzwana lengemashumi lasitfupha emahora lamashumi lamabili nakune.
Kuhlukana kwe X-ray kwakhombisa kutsi kwakheka kwe bentonite, ikakhulu incenye yayo lengu 47% ye montmorillonite, kuyintfo lebalulekile ekuvisisekeni kwetimphawu tayo temhlaba. Emkhatsini wetintfo te montmorillonite te bentonite, imontmorillonite nguyona ncenye lenkhulu, lefaka 88.6% wetintfo letiphelele. Ngaleso sikhatsi, iquartz ibalelwa ku 29%, illite ku 7%, kanye ne carbonate ku 9%. Incenye lencane (lecishe ibe ngu 3.2%) yinhlanganisela ye illite kanye ne montmorillonite. Ngekwengeta, icuketse tintfo letilandzelanako letifana ne Fe2O3 (4.7%), i-aluminosilicate yesiliva (1.2%), i-muscovite (4%), kanye ne-phosphate (2.3%). Ngekwengeta, emanani lamancane eNa2O (1.83%) kanye ne iron silicate (2.17%) akhona, lokwenta kutsi kubekhona kubonga ngalokugcwele tintfo letiyincenye ye bentonite kanye netilinganiso tato letilandzelanako.
Lesigaba sekufundzela lesiphelele sichaza imininingwane ye rheological kanye nekuhlunga kwemasampula emanti ekubhobola lalungiselelwe kusetjentiswa i-eutectic solvent lejulile yemvelo (NADES) futsi asetjentiswa njengesengeto semanti ekubhobola ngetigaba letehlukene (1%, 3% kanye na 5%). Emasampula e-slurry lasekelwe ku-NADES abese acatsaniswa futsi ahlaziywa nemasampula e-slurry lafaka ekhatsi i-potassium chloride (KCl), i-CC:urea DES (i-choline chloride lejulile ye-eutectic solvent:urea) kanye netintfo letimanti te-ionic. Inani lemapharamitha labalulekile lahlanganiswa kulolucwaningo kufaka ekhatsi kufundza kwe viscosity lokutfolakele kusetjentiswa iFANN viscometer ngaphambi nangemuva kwekuchayeka etimeni tekuguga ku 100°C na 150°C. Tilinganiso tatsatfwa ngesivinini lesehlukene sekujika (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm kanye na 600 rpm) lokuvumela kuhlatiya lokuphelele kwekutiphatsa kwemanti ekubhobola. Lemininingwane letfolakele ingabese isetjentiswa kutfola tintfo letibalulekile letifana ne yield point (YP) kanye ne plastic viscosity (PV), leniketa lwati ngekusebenta kwemanti ngaphansi kwetimo letehlukene. Kuhlolwa kwekuhlunga lokusetulu kwekushisa lokusetulu (HPHT) ku 400 psi na 150°C (emazinga ekushisa lajwayelekile emigodzini lesetulu yekushisa) kuncuma kusebenta kwekuhlunga (kucina kwelikhekhe kanye nevolumu yekuhlunga).
Lesigaba sisebentisa imishini yesimanje, i-Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600), kuhlola kahle timphawu tekuvimbela kuvuvuka kwe-shale yetintfo tetfu tekubhobola letisekelwe emantini. I-LSM ngumshini wesimo sebuciko lonetincenye letimbili: i-compactor yemapuleti kanye ne-dilatometer lesemgceni (imodeli: M4600). Emapuleti eBentonite alungiselelwe kuhlatiya kusetjentiswa iGrace Core/Ipuleti Lehlanganisako. Le LSM ibese iniketa idatha yekuvuvuka ngekushesha kulamapuleti, kuvumela kuhlolwa lokuphelele kwetimphahla tekuvimbela kuvuvuka kwe shale. Kuhlolwa kwekunweba kwe Shale kwentiwa ngaphansi kwetimo letikhona, lokusho kutsi, 25°C kanye na 1 psia.
Kuhlolwa kwekusimamisa i-shale kufaka ekhatsi kuhlolwa lokubalulekile lokuvame kubitwa ngekutsi kuhlolwa kwekubuyisa i-shale, kuhlolwa kwekucwilisa i-shale noma kuhlolwa kwekusakateka kwe-shale. Kucala lokuhlola, tincetu te shale tiyahlukaniswa esikrinini se #6 BSS bese tibekwa esikrinini se #10. Letintfo letisikiwe tibese tidliwa ethangini lekubamba lapho khona tihlanganiswa neludzaka lwesisekelo kanye neludzaka lwekubhobola lolune NADES (I-Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent). Sinyatselo lesilandzelako kutsi ubeke le ngxube kuhhavini kwentela inchubo lecinile yekugicita leshisako, kucinisekisa kutsi leticucu kanye neludzaka kuhlanganiswa kahle. Ngemuva kwemahora lalishumi nesitfupha, leticucu tiyasuswa kule pulp ngekuvumela le shale kutsi ibole, lokuholela ekunciphiseni sisindvo seticucu. Lokuhlolwa kwekubuyisa ishale kwentiwa ngemuva kwekutsi leticucu te shale tibanjwe eludzakeni lwekubhobola ku 150°C kanye na 1000 psi. intshi kungakapheli emahora langu-24.
Kute silinganise kululama kweludzaka lwe shale, sasihlunga ngesikrini lesincane (40 mesh), sase siyalugeza kahle ngemanti, ekugcineni sasiwomisa ehhavini. Lenchubo lebuhlungu isivumela kutsi silinganise ludzaka lolutfolakele uma kucatsaniswa nesisindvo sekucala, ekugcineni sibale liphesenti leludzaka lwe shale lolutfolakele ngemphumelelo. Umtfombo wemasampula e shale uvela eSigodzini sase Niah, eSigodzini sase Miri, eSarawak, eMalaysia. Ngaphambi kwekuhlolwa kwekusakateka kanye nekululama, lamasampula e shale abekwa ngekuhlatiya lokuphelele kwe X-ray diffraction (XRD) kwentela kulinganisa kwakheka kwawo kwelibumba kanye nekucinisekisa kufaneleka kwawo kutsi ahlolwe. Lokubunjwa kwemamineral elibumba alesampula kunjalo: illite 18%, kaolinite 31%, chlorite 22%, ivermiculite 10%, kanye ne mica 19%.
Kucindzeteleka kwemhlabatsi kuyintfo lebalulekile lelawula kungena kwema cations emanti kuma shale micropores ngesento se capillary, lokutawufundvwa kabanti kulesigaba. Leliphepha lihlola indzima yekucindzeteleka kwemhlabatsi emphakatsini yekuhlangana kwemanti ekubhobola, kugcizelela umtselela wayo lomcoka enchubeni yekubhobola, ikakhulukati kuvimbela i-shale. Sisebentise i-interfacial tensiometer (IFT700) kukala kahle kucindzeteleka kwemhlabatsi wemasampula emanti ekubhobola, kuveta sici lesibalulekile sekutiphatsa kwemanti esimeni sekuvimbela i-shale.
Lesigaba sikhuluma kabanti ngesikhala se d-layer, lokulibanga lelisemkhatsini wetinhlavu emkhatsini wetinhlavu te aluminosilicate kanye nesendlalelo sinye se aluminosilicate elubumba. Lokuhlatiya kwafaka ekhatsi emasampula eludzaka lolumanti lolucuketse 1%, 3% kanye na 5% we CA NADES, kanye na 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl kanye na 3% CC:urea lesekelwe ku DES kwentela kucatsanisa. I-X-ray diffractometer lesebhentjini lesetulu (D2 Phaser) lesebenta ku 40 mA na 45 kV ngemisebe ye Cu-Kα (λ = 1.54059 Å) idlale indzima lebalulekile ekubhaleni ticoco tekuhlukana kwe X-ray yawo womabili emasampula eNa-Bt lamanti nalawomile. Kusetjentiswa kwe Bragg equation kwenta kutsi kube nekuncuma lokunembile kwe d-layer spacing, ngaleyondlela kuniketa lwati lolubalulekile ngekutiphatsa kwelibumba.
Lesigaba sisebentisa insimbi lehamba embili yeMalvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP kukala kahle emandla e-zeta. Lokuhlola kunikete lwati lolubalulekile ngetimphawu tekushaja kwemasampula eludzaka loluhlanjululwe lolucuketse 1%, 3%, kanye na 5% CA NADES, kanye na 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, kanye na 3% CC:urea-based DES kwentela kuhlatiya lokucatsanisako. Lemiphumela ifaka sandla ekucondzeni kwetfu kusimama kwemakhompawundi e-colloidal kanye nekusebentisana kwawo emantini.
Emasampula elibumba ahlolwa ngaphambi nangemuva kwekuchayeka esincibilikisini semvelo lesijulile se-eutectic (NADES) kusetjentiswa sibonakhulu se-electron sekukhipha insimu ye-Zeiss Supra 55 VP (FESEM) lefakwe i-X-ray lesakata emandla (EDX). Lesincumo sekutsatsa titfombe bekungu 500 nm kantsi emandla e-electron beam bekungu 30 kV na 50 kV. I-FESEM iniketa kubonakala lokusezingeni leliphakeme kwe-morphology yemhlabatsi kanye netimphawu tesakhiwo semasampula elibumba. Inhloso yalolucwaningo bekukutfola lwati mayelana nemphumela we NADES kumasampula elibumba ngekucatsanisa titfombe letitfolakele ngaphambi nangemuva kwekuchayeka.
Kulolucwaningo, bucwepheshe be-electron microscopy (FESEM) bekukhishwa kwensimu basetjentiswa kuphenya umphumela we-NADES kumasampula elibumba esigabeni sesibonakhulu. Inhloso yalolucwaningo kucacisa kusetjentiswa lokungenteka kwe NADES kanye nemtselela wayo ku morphology yelibumba kanye nebukhulu betinhlayiya letisemkhatsini, lokutawuniketa lwati lolubalulekile lwelucwaningo kulomkhakha.
Kulesifundvo, emabha ephutsa asetjentiswa kuchaza ngekubonakala kugucugucuka kanye nekungaciniseki kweliphutsa lemaphesenti lasemkhatsini (AMPE) kuto tonkhe timo tekuhlola. Esikhundleni sekuhlela emanani e-AMPE ngamunye (njengobe kuhlela emanani e-AMPE kungafiphata imikhuba futsi kuhabisa kwehluka lokuncane), sibala emabha eliphutsa sisebentisa umtsetfo we-5%. Lendlela icinisekisa kutsi ibha ngayinye yeliphutsa imelela sikhatsi lapho khona sikhatsi sekwetsemba se-95% kanye ne-100% yemanani e-AMPE kulindzeleke kutsi awe, ngaleyo ndlela kuniketwe sifinyeto lesicacile nalesifishane sekusabalaliswa kwemininingwane yesimo ngasinye sekuhlola. Kusebentisa emabha ephutsa lasekelwe emtsetfweni we-5% ngaleyo ndlela kwenta ncono kuhumusha kanye nekwetsembeka kwekumeleleka kwemifanekiso futsi kusita kuniketa kuvisisa lokubanti kwemiphumela kanye nemiphumela yayo.
Ekuhlanganisweni kwetinhlayiya temvelo letijulile te-eutectic (NADES), emapharamitha lamanyenti labalulekile afundvwa ngekucophelela ngesikhatsi senchubo yekulungiselela yangaphakathi. Letintfo letibucayi tifaka ekhatsi lizinga lekushisa, silinganiso se-molar, kanye nesivinini sekuhlanganisa. Kuhlola kwetfu kukhombisa kutsi uma iHBA (esidi ye citric) ne HBD (glycerol) kuhlanganiswa ngesilinganiso se molar se 1:4 ku 50°C, kwakheka umhlanganiso we eutectic. Sici lesehlukanisako sekuhlanganiswa kwe eutectic kubukeka kwayo lokusobala, lokufanako, kanye nekungabikhona kwe sediment. Ngaleyo ndlela, lesinyatselo lesibalulekile sigcizelela kubaluleka kwesilinganiso se-molar, kushisa, kanye nesivinini sekuhlanganisa, emkhatsini lapho khona silinganiso se-molar bekuyintfo lenemandla kakhulu ekulungiseleleni i-DES ne-NADES, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 2.
Inkomba yekuphuka (n) ikhombisa silinganiso sesivinini sekukhanya esikhaleni lesingenamkhawulo kuya esivinini sekukhanya esikhaleni sesibili, lesicinile. Lenkomba yekuphuka iyinshisekelo kakhulu yetinhlayiya temvelo letijulile te eutectic (NADES) uma ucabanga ngekusebentisa lokubucayi ngekubuka njenge biosensors. Inkomba yekuphuka kwe NADES lefundvwe ku 25 °C bekungu 1.452, lokuyintfo lejabulisako lephansi kunaleyo ye glycerol.
Kufanele kutsi kucashelwe kutsi inkomba yekuphuka kwe NADES yehla ngekushisa, futsi lomkhuba ungachazwa kahle ngefomula (1) kanye neMfanekiso 3, ngeliphutsa leliphelele leliphesenti (AMPE) lelifika ku 0%. Lokutiphatsa lokuncike ekushiseni kuchazwa ngekwehla kwe viscosity kanye nekucina ngesikhatsi sekushisa lokusetulu, kwenta kutsi kukhanya kuhambe ngendlela lesemkhatsini ngesivinini lesikhulu, lokuholela ekubeni ne refractive index (n) lephansi. Lemiphumela iniketa lwati lolubalulekile ngekusetjentiswa kwemasu e-NADES ekuboneni kwe-optical, kugcizelela emandla abo ekusebentisa i-biosensor.
Kucindzeteleka kwemhlabatsi, lokukhombisa umkhuba wemhlabatsi loketshezi kutsi unciphise indzawo yawo, kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni kufaneleka kwetinhlayiya temvelo letijulile te-eutectic (NADES) tekusebenta lokusekelwe ekucindzetelekeni kwe-capillary. Kufundza ngekucindzeteleka kwemhlabatsi esigabeni sekushisa lesingu 25–60 °C kuniketa lwati lolubalulekile. Ku 25 °C, kucina kwemhlabatsi we NADES lesekelwe ku citric acid bekungu 55.42 mN/m, lokuphansi kakhulu kunaloko kwemanti kanye ne glycerol. Umfanekiso 4 ukhombisa kutsi kucindzeteleka kwemhlabatsi kuncipha kakhulu ngekukhula kwekushisa. Lesimanga singachazwa ngekukhula kwemandla e-molecule kinetic kanye nekuncipha lokulandzelako kwemandla lahehanako lasemkhatsini wema-molecule.
Lomkhuba wekwehla kwemugca wekucindzeteleka kwemhlabatsi lokubonwe ku NADES lefundvwe ungavetwa kahle ngesilinganiso (2), lesikhombisa budlelwane lobusisekelo betibalo esigabeni sekushisa se 25–60 °C. Legrafu lesemfanekisweni 4 ikhombisa ngalokucacile umkhuba wekucindzeteleka kwemhlabatsi ngekushisa ngeliphutsa leliphelele lephesenti (AMPE) le-1.4%, lelilinganisa kuciniseka kwemanani ekucindzeteleka kwemhlabatsi labikiwe. Lemiphumela inemitselela lebalulekile yekuvisisa kutiphatsa kwe-NADES kanye nekusebenta kwayo lokungenteka.
Kuvisisa buningi betinhlayiya temvelo letijulile te eutectic (NADES) kubalulekile kwenta lula kusetjentiswa kwato etifundvweni letiningi tesayensi. Kucina kwe NADES lesekelwe ku citric acid ku 25°C ngu 1.361 g/cm3, lokungetulu kwekucina kwe glycerol yemtali. Lomehluko ungachazwa ngekwengeta kwemukela sibopho se hydrogen (i-citric acid) ku glycerol.
Kutsatsa iNADES lesekelwe ku citrate njengesibonelo, bukhulu bayo behlela ku 1.19 g/cm3 ku 60°C. Kukhula kwemandla ekuhamba ngesikhatsi kushisa kwenta kutsi ema molecule eNADES asakateke, kwenta kutsi atsatse umthamo lomkhulu, lokuholela ekuncipheni kwekucina. Lokwehla lokubonwako kwekucina kukhombisa kuhambisana lokutsite kwemugca nekukhula kwekushisa, lokungavetwa kahle ngefomula (3). Umfanekiso 5 wetfula ngendlela lebonakalako letimphawu tekushintja kwebuningi be-NADES ngeliphutsa leliphelele le-1.12%, leliniketa silinganiso sesilinganiso sekunemba kwemanani ebuningi labikiwe.
Viscosity nguwo emandla lahehanako emkhatsini wetinhlayiya letehlukene teludzaka loluhambako futsi ludlala indzima lebalulekile ekuvisisekeni kwekusebenta kwetinhlayiya temvelo letijulile te eutectic (NADES) ekusebentiseni lokuhlukahlukene. Ku 25 °C, kucina kwe NADES bekungu 951 cP, lokuyintfo lephakeme kunaleyo ye glycerol.
Lokwehla lokubonwako kwe viscosity ngekukhula kwekushisa kuchazwa kakhulu ngekubutsakatsaka kwemandla lahehanako e-intermolecular. Lesimanga siphumela ekuncipheni kwe-viscosity yale-fluid, umkhuba lokhonjiswe ngalokucacile kuMfanekiso 6 futsi ulinganiswa yi-Equation (4). Kuyaphawuleka, ku 60°C, le viscosity yehlela ku 898 cP ngeliphutsa leliphelele leliphesenti (AMPE) le 1.4%. Kuvisisa lokubanti kwe viscosity versus kuncika ekushiseni ku NADES kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebentiseni kwayo lokusebenta.
i-pH yesisombululo, lekuncunywa yi-logarithm lembi yekuhlanganiswa kwe-hydrogen ion, ibalulekile, ikakhulukati ekusebentiseni lokubucayi kwe-pH njengekuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA, ngako-ke i-pH ye-NADES kumele ifundvwe kahle ngaphambi isetjentiswe. Kutsatsa iNADES lesekelwe ku citric acid njengesibonelo, i-pH lebonakalako lene esidi lengu 1.91 ingabonakala, leyehluke kakhulu ku pH lengatsatsi luhlangotsi ye glycerol.
Kuyajabulisa kutsi i-pH ye-citric acid yemvelo ye-dehydrogenase lencibilikako (NADES) yakhombisa umkhuba longahambisani nekwehla ngekukhula kwekushisa. Lesimanga sibangelwa kukhula kwekudvudvuta kwema molecule lokuphazamisa ibhalansi ye H+ kulesisombululo, lokuholela ekwakhiweni kwe [H]+ ions futsi, ngekujika, kushintja kwelinani le pH. Ngesikhatsi i-pH yemvelo ye citric acid isuka ku 3 kuya ku 5, kubakhona kwe hydrogen lene esidi ku glycerol kuphindze kwehlise ipH kuya ku 1.91.
Lendlela yekutiphatsa ye pH ye NADES lesekelwe ku citrate esigabeni sekushisa se 25–60 °C ingamelelwa kahle nge equation (5), leniketa kuveta kwetibalo kwemkhuba we pH lobonwako. Umfanekiso 7 ukhombisa ngendlela lebonakalako lobudlelwane lobujabulisako, kuveta umphumela wekushisa ku pH ye NADES, lebikwa kutsi ngu 1.4% we AMPE.
Kuhlatiya kwekushisa (TGA) kwe citric acid yemvelo lejulile ye eutectic solvent (NADES) kwentiwa ngendlela lehlelekile esigabeni sekushisa kusuka ekushiseni kweligumbi kuya ku 500 °C. Njengoba kungabonakala kusuka ku Figures 8a na b, kulahlekelwa kwekucala kwebuningi kufika ku 100 °C bekubangelwa kakhulu ngemanti lamuncwako kanye nemanti ekuhlanyela lahlobene ne citric acid kanye ne glycerol lehlantekile. Kugcinwa kwebuningi lobubalulekile lobucishe bube ngu 88% kwabonwa kwafika ku 180 °C, lebekubangelwa kakhulu kubola kwe citric acid kuya ku esidi ye aconitic kanye nekwakheka lokulandzelako kwe methylmaleic anhydride(III) ngesikhatsi sekushisa lokunyenti (Umfanekiso 8 b). Ngetulu kwa 180 °C, kubukeka lokucacile kwe acrolein (acrylaldehyde) ku glycerol nako kungabonakala, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku Umfanekiso 8b37.
Kuhlatiya kwekushisa (TGA) kwe glycerol kwaveta inchubo yekulahlekelwa kwebuningi lenetigaba letimbili. Sigaba sekucala (180 kuya ku 220 °C) sifaka ekhatsi kwakheka kwe acrolein, kulandzelwe kulahleka lokukhulu kwebuningi ngesikhatsi sekushisa lokusetulu kusuka ku 230 kuya ku 300 °C (Umfanekiso 8a). Njengobe lizinga lekushisa likhula, i-acetaldehyde, i-carbon dioxide, i-methane, ne-hydrogen kwakheka ngekulandzelana. Kuyaphawuleka kutsi, 28% kuphela we mass yagcinwa ku 300 °C, lokukhombisa kutsi timphahla tangekhatsi te NADES 8(a)38,39 tingahle tibe nesici.
Kutfola lwati mayelana nekwakheka kwetibopho letinsha temakhemikhali, kumiswa lokusanda kulungiswa kwetinhlayiya temvelo letijulile te-eutectic (NADES) kwahlaziywa nge Fourier kugucula infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Lokuhlatiya kwentiwa ngekucatsanisa umkhakha wekumiswa kwe NADES kanye nemkhakha we citric acid lehlantekile (CA) kanye ne glycerol (Gly). Le CA spectrum yakhombisa ticoco leticacile ku 1752 1/cm na 1673 1/cm, letimele kudvudvuta kwekwelula kwe C=O bond futsi tiphindze tibe sici se CA. Ngetulu kwaloko, kushintja lokukhulu ekudvudvuteni kwekugoba kwe-OH ku-1360 1/cm kwabonwa esifundzeni seminwe, njengobe kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 9.
Ngendlela lefanako, esimeni se glycerol, kushintja kwe OH kwelula kanye nekugoba kwekudvudvuta kwatfolakala kuma wavenumbers langu 3291 1/cm kanye na 1414 1/cm, ngekulandzelana. Manje, ngekuhlatiya spectrum NADES njengoba-kulungisiwe, kushintja lokukhulu spectrum kwatfolakala. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku Umfanekiso 7, kudvudvuta kwekwelula kwe C=O bond kwashintja kusuka ku 1752 1/cm kuya ku 1720 1/cm kanye nekudvudvuta kwekugoba kwe -OH bond ye glycerol kwashintja kusuka ku 1414 1/cm kuya ku 1359 1/cm. Lokushintja kwetinombolo temagagasi kukhombisa lushintjo lwe-electronegativity, lokukhombisa kwakheka kwetibopho letinsha temakhemikhali esakhiweni se-NADES.