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Tiphepho telutfuli tibeka ingoti lenkhulu emaveni lamanyenti emhlabeni wonkhe ngenca yemtselela wato lobhubhisako kutekulima, imphilo yebantfu, emanethiwekhi ekutfutsa kanye nesakhiwonchanti. Ngenca yaloko, kuguguleka kwemhlaba ngemoya kutsatfwa njengenkinga yemhlaba wonkhe. Lenye yetindlela letilungele imvelo tekunciphisa kuguguleka kwemoya kusetjentiswa kwemvula ye carbonate lebangwa tilwane letincane (MICP). Nomakunjalo, imikhicito lencane ye MICP lesekelwe ekucedzeni kwe urea, njenge ammonia, ayisiyo lekahle uma ikhicitwa ngesilinganiso lesikhulu. Lolucwaningo lwetfula tindlela letimbili tekwakheka kwemagciwane e-calcium formate ekucedza i-MICP ngaphandle kwekukhicita i-urea futsi kucatsanisa ngalokuphelele kusebenta kwawo nekwakheka lokubili kweligciwane le-calcium acetate lelingakhiciti i-ammonia. Leligciwane lelicatjangwako yi Bacillus subtilis kanye ne Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Kwekucala, emanani lalungisiwe etintfo letilawula kwakheka kwe CaCO3 kwabekwa. Kuhlolwa kwemhubhe wemoya kwabese kwentiwa kumasampula etindvundvuma tesihlabathi laphatfwe ngekwakheka lokulungisiwe, kanye nekumelana nekuguguleka kwemoya, kukhumula sivinini semkhawulo, kanye nekumelana nekubhomba kwesihlabathi kwakalwa. Ema-allomorphs e-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ahlolwa kusetjentiswa sibonakhulu sekubuka, sibonakhulu se-electron (SEM), kanye nekuhlatiya kwekusakateka kwe-X-ray. Tintfo letisekelwe ku calcium formate tenta kahle kakhulu kunaleto letisekelwe ku acetate ngekuya ngekwakheka kwe calcium carbonate. Ngekwengeta, iB. Ema-micrographs e-SEM akhombisa ngalokucacile kubopha kanye nekunyatseliswa kwemagciwane lasebentako nalangasebenti ku-calcium carbonate lebangelwa kugcwala kwemhlabatsi. Onkhe emafomula anciphisa kakhulu kuguguleka kwemoya.
Kuguguleka kwemhlabatsi ngemoya sekuyisikhathi lesidze kubonakala njengenkinga lenkhulu lebukene netindzawo letomile naletomile kancane letifana neningizimu nshonalanga ye United States, inshonalanga ye China, iSaharan Africa, kanye nendzawo lenkhulu yase Middle East1. Imvula lephansi etindzaweni letomile naletomile kakhulu setigucule tincenye letinkhulu taletindzawo taba tihlane, tindvundvuma tesihlabathi, kanye netindzawo letingakalinywa. Kuguguleka kwemhlaba lokuchubekako kwemoya kuletsa tingoti temvelo kusakhiwonchanti lesifana nemanethiwekhi ekutfutsa, umhlaba wekulima, kanye nemhlaba wetimboni, lokuholela etimeni letimbi tekuphila kanye netindleko letisetulu tekutfutfukiswa kwemadolobha kuletifundza2,3,4. Lokumcoka kutsi kuguguleka kwemhlabatsi ngemoya akugcini nje ngekutsintsa indzawo lapho kwenteka khona, kepha kuphindze kubangele tinkinga tetemphilo netemnotfo emimangweni lekhashane njengoba kutfutsa tinhlayiya ngemoya etindzaweni letikhashane nemtfombo5,6.
Kulawula kuguguleka kwemhlabatsi ngemoya kuhlala kuyinkinga yemhlaba wonkhe. Tindlela letehlukene tekusimamisa umhlabatsi tiyasetjentiswa kwentela kulawula kugedvuka kwemhlabatsi ngemoya. Letindlela tifaka tintfo letifana nekufaka emanti7, emafutsa ekugcobisa emafutsa8, ema biopolymers5, kufaka imvula ye carbonate lebangwa tilwane letincane (MICP)9,10,11,12 kanye nemvula ye carbonate lebangwa yi enzyme (EICP)1. Kumantisa umhlabatsi yindlela lejwayelekile yekucindzetela lutfuli ensimini. Nomakunjalo, kuhhwamuka kwayo lokusheshako kwenta lendlela isebente kancane etindzaweni letomile naletomile kancane1. Kusetjentiswa kwemakhompawundi ekugcobisa oyili kukhulisa kuhlangana kwesihlabathi kanye nekukhuhlana kwetinhlayiya. Imphahla yabo yekuhlangana ibopha tinhlavu tesihlabathi ndzawonye; nomakunjalo, ema mulches e oyili nawo aletsa letinye tinkinga; umbala wabo lomnyama ukhulisa kushisa futsi kuholele ekufeni kwetitjalo kanye netintfo letincane. Liphunga lawo kanye nentfutfu kungabangela tinkinga tekuphefumula, futsi lokubaluleke kakhulu, tindleko tato letisetulu ngulesinye sihibe. Ema Biopolymers ngulenye yetindlela letiphakanyisiwe muva nje letingalimatsi imvelo tekunciphisa kuguguleka kwemoya; titsatfwa emitfonjeni yemvelo lefana netitjalo, tilwane kanye nemagciwane. I-Xanthan gum, i-guar gum, i-chitosan kanye ne-gellan gum ngito tintfo letisetjentiswa kakhulu etincenyeni tebunjiniyela5. Nomakunjalo, ema biopolymers lancibilika emantini angalahlekelwa ngemandla bese ayaphuma emhlabatsini uma ahlangabetana nemanti13,14. iEICP ikhonjiswe kutsi yindlela lephumelelako yekucindzetela lutfuli lwetintfo letehlukahlukene letifaka ekhatsi imigwaco lengakafakwa, emachibi emisila kanye netindzawo tekwakha. Noma imiphumela yayo ikhutsata, letinye tintfo letingaba khona letingahambi kahle kumele ticatjangelwe, njengetindleko kanye nekungabikhona kwetindzawo te nucleation (lokusheshisa kwakheka kanye nekuncipha kwe CaCO3 crystals15,16).
iMICP yacala kuchazwa ngasekupheleni kwelikhulu lemashumi lasiphohlongo ngu Murray na Irwin (1890) na Steinmann (1901) ekufundzeni kwabo kwekubola kwe urea ngetintfo letincane taselwandle17. I-MICP yinchubo yetintfo letiphilako leyenteka ngekwemvelo lefaka ekhatsi imisebenti leyehlukahlukene yetintfo letincane kanye netinchubo temakhemikhali lapho khona i-calcium carbonate isheshiswa khona ngekuphendvula kwema-ions e-carbonate kusuka kuma-metabolites etilwane letincane letine-calcium ions endzaweni18,19. I-MICP lefaka ekhatsi umjikeleto we-nitrogen lecedza i-urea (i-MICP lecedza i-urea) luhlobo loluvame kakhulu lwemvula ye-carbonate lebangwa tifo letincane, lapho khona i-urease lekhicitwa ligciwane ikhutsata kuhlangana kwemanti kwe-urea20,21,22,23,24,27,2,2.
Ku MICP lefaka ekhatsi umjikeleto wekhabhoni wekukhicita luswayi lwetilwane (i-MICP ngaphandle kweluhlobo lwekubola kwe urea), emagciwane laphilako asebentisa luswayi lwetilwane letifana ne-acetate, i-lactate, i-citrate, i-succinate, i-oxalate, i-malate kanye ne-glyoxylate njengemitfombo yemandla kukhicita emaminerali e-carbonate28. Ebukhoneni be calcium lactate njengemtfombo we carbon kanye nema ions e calcium, kusebenta kwemakhemikhali ekwakheka kwe calcium carbonate kukhonjisiwe ku equation (5).
Enchubeni ye MICP, emaseli eligciwane aniketa tindzawo te nucleation letibaluleke kakhulu ekuncipheni kwe calcium carbonate; lendzawo yemaseli eligciwane ishaja kabi futsi ingasebenta njengekutsatsa ema cations lanemandla lafana ne calcium ions. Ngekutsatsa ema-ions e-calcium kumaseli eligciwane, uma kuhlanganiswa kwe-ion ye-carbonate kwanele, ema-cations e-calcium kanye nema-anion e-carbonate ayaphendvula bese i-calcium carbonate iyagcwala etulu kweligciwane29,30. Lenchubo ingafingqwa ngalendlela lelandzelako31,32:
Emakristalu e-calcium carbonate lakhicitwa ngetintfo letiphilako angahlukaniswa abe tinhlobo letintsatfu: i-calcite, i-vaterite, ne-aragonite. Emkhatsini wabo, i-calcite ne-vaterite ngito letivame kakhulu letibangwa ligciwane le-calcium carbonate allomorphs33,34. I-Calcite yi-allomorph35 lecinile kakhulu ngekushisa. Noma i-vaterite ibikwe kutsi iyagucuka, igcina igucuke ibe yi-calcite36,37. I-Vaterite nguyona leminyene kakhulu kulamakristalu. I-crystal lenema-hexagonal lenemandla ekugcwalisa ema-pore lancono kunalamanye ema-crystal e-calcium carbonate ngenca yebukhulu bayo lobukhulu38. Kokubili i-MICP lecekeleke phansi nge-urea kanye ne-urea lecekeleke phansi ingaholela ekuweleni kwe-vaterite13,39,40,41.
Noma iMICP ikhombise emandla latsembisako ekusimamiseni umhlabatsi lonenkinga kanye nemhlabatsi lotsatseka kalula ngekuguguleka kwemoya42,43,44,45,46,47,48, lomunye wemikhicito lehambisanako ye urea hydrolysis yi ammonia, lengabanga tinkinga temphilo letincane kuya kuletinkhulu tekuchayeka kuya ngelizinga49. Lomphumela wenta kutsi kusetjentiswa kwalobuchwepheshe lobutsite kube nemphikiswano, ikakhulukati uma tindzawo letinkhulu tidzinga kulashwa, njengekucindzetela lutfuli. Ngekwengeta, liphunga le ammonia alibeketeleleki uma lenchubo yentiwa ngemazinga laphakeme ekufaka kanye nemavolumu lamakhulu, lokungatsintsa kusebenta kwayo lokusebenta. Noma tifundvo takamuva tikhombise kutsi ema ammonium ions angancishiswa ngekutsi aguculwe abe nguleminye imikhicito lefana ne struvite, letindlela atisusi ngalokuphelele ema ammonium ions50. Ngakoke, kusesenesidzingo sekuhlola letinye tisombululo letingakhiciti ions ye ammonium. Kusetjentiswa kwetindlela tekubola lokungekho ku urea kwe MICP kunganiketa sisombululo lesingahle sibe khona lesingakahlolwa kahle ngesikhatsi sekunciphisa kuguguleka kwemoya. Fattahi kanye nalabanye. kuphenywa ngekubola kwe MICP lengenawo i-urea kusetjentiswa i-calcium acetate kanye ne Bacillus megaterium41, kantsi Mohebbi et al. kusetjentiswa i-calcium acetate kanye neBacillus amyloliquefaciens9. Nomakunjalo, sifundvo sabo asizange sicatsaniswa naletinye tintfo te calcium kanye nemagciwane e heterotrophic langagcina enta ncono kumelana nekuguguleka kwemoya. Kuphindze kube nekushoda kwetincwadzi leticatsanisa tindlela tekubola letite urea netindlela tekubola kwe urea ekunciphiseni kuguguleka kwemoya.
Ngekwengeta, tifundvo letiningi tekuguguleka kwemoya kanye nekulawula lutfuli kwentiwe kumasampula emhlabatsi lonetindzawo letisicaba.1,51,52,53 Nomakunjalo, tindzawo letisicaba atikavami kakhulu emvelweni kunemagcuma kanye netindzawo leticindzetelekile. Kungako tindvundvuma tesihlabathi tiyintfo levame kakhulu etindzaweni letisehlane.
Kuze kuncotjwe lokushiyeka lokushiwo ngenhla, lolucwaningo beluhlose kwetfula isethi lensha yema-ejenti eligciwane langakhiciti i-ammonia. Kule njongo, sacabanga ngetindlela te-MICP letingahlazisa urea. Kusebenta kahle kwemitfombo lemibili ye calcium (i calcium formate kanye ne calcium acetate) kwaphenywa. Ngekwati kwebabhali, kufaka imvula ye carbonate kusetjentiswa umtfombo we calcium lemibili kanye nekuhlanganiswa kwemagciwane (lokusho kutsi i-calcium formate-Bacillus subtilis kanye ne calcium formate-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) akukaphenywa etifundvweni letindlulile. Kukhetsa kwalamagciwane bekusekelwe kuma enzymes lawakhicitako lakhutsata i-oxidation ye calcium formate kanye ne calcium acetate kwenta imvula ye carbonate yemagciwane. Sakha lucwaningo lwekuhlola loluphelele kutfola tintfo letikahle letifana ne pH, tinhlobo temagciwane kanye nemitfombo ye calcium kanye nekugcila kwawo, silinganiso semagciwane kuya esixazululweni semtfombo we calcium kanye nesikhatsi sekwelapha. Ekugcineni, kusebenta kwalesethi yema-ejenti eligciwane ekucindzeteleni kuguguleka kwemoya ngekusebentisa imvula ye-calcium carbonate kwaphenywa ngekwenta luchungechunge lwekuhlolwa kwemhubhe wemoya etindvundvuneni tesihlabathi kute kutfolakale bukhulu bekuguguleka kwemoya, sivinini sekuphuka kwemkhawulo kanye nekumelana nekubhomba kwemoya kwesihlabathi kanye ne-microstructural measure- kuhlatiya kwekusakateka (XRD) kanye nekuskena ngesibonakhulu se-electron (SEM)) nako kwentiwa.
Kukhicita iCalcium carbonate kudzinga ema ions ecalcium kanye nema ions ecarbonate. Ema-ions e-calcium angatfolakala emithonjeni leyehlukene ye-calcium lefana ne-calcium chloride, i-calcium hydroxide, kanye nelubisi lolungakagcoki54,55. Ema ions eCarbonate angakhicitwa ngetindlela letehlukene tetilwane letincane letifana ne urea hydrolysis kanye nekukhicita i-oxidation yetintfo letiphilako56. Kulesifundvo, ema-ions e-carbonate atfolakala kusuka ekusabeleni kwe-oxidation ye-formate ne-acetate. Ngekwengeta, sasebentisa luswayi lwe calcium lwe formate kanye ne acetate kukhicita icalcium carbonate lehlantekile, ngaleyondlela kuphela iCO2 ne H2O leyatfolakala njengemikhicito lehambisanako. Kulenchubo, intfo yinye kuphela lesebenta njengemtfombo we calcium kanye nemtfombo we carbonate, futsi kute i-ammonia lekhicitwako. Letimphawu tenta umtfombo we calcium kanye nendlela yekukhicita icarbonate lebesiyitsatsa njengaletsembisa kakhulu.
Kuphendvula lokuhambisanako kwe calcium formate kanye ne calcium acetate kwenta i calcium carbonate kukhonjisiwe kumafomula (7)-(14). Emafomula (7)-(11) akhombisa kutsi i-calcium formate iyancibilika emantini kwenta i-fomic acid noma i-formate. Lesixazululo ngaleyondlela siyintfo lekhululekile ye calcium kanye ne hydroxide ions (emafomula 8 na 9). Ngenca yekutsi i-oxidation ye-fomic acid ibe khona, ema-athomu e-carbon lase-fomic acid aguculwa abe yi-carbon dioxide (ifomula 10). I-calcium carbonate ekugcineni yakhiwa (emafomula 11 na 12).
Ngendlela lefanako, i-calcium carbonate yakhiwa kusuka ku-calcium acetate (tilinganiso 13–15), ngaphandle kwekutsi i-acetic esidi noma i-acetate yakhiwa esikhundleni se-formic esidi.
Ngaphandle kwekubakhona kwema enzymes, iAcetate ne formate angeke ibe ne oxidized ngesikhatsi sekushisa ekamelweni. I-FDH (i-formate dehydrogenase) ne-CoA (i-coenzyme A) yenta kutsi kube ne-oxidation ye-formate ne-acetate kute kwakhiwe i-carbon dioxide, ngekulandzelana (Eqs. 16, 17) 57, 58, 59. #1204 (Iqoqo Lemasiko Eluhlobo LwemaPheresiya), lephindze yatiwe ngekutsi yi-NCIMB #13061 (Iqoqo Lemhlaba Wonkhe Leligciwane, Imvubelo, I-Phage, EmaPlasmid, Tinhlavu Tetitjalo kanye Nemasiko Eticubu Temaseli Etitjalo)) kanye neBacillus amyloliquefaciens (PTCC #1732, 7). Lamagciwane akhuliswa endzaweni lenenyama ye peptone (5 g/L) kanye nekukhishwa kwenyama (3 g/L), lokubitwa ngekutsi ngumhluti wemanutrients (NBR) (105443 Merck).
Ngako, kwalungiswa kwakheka lokune kwenta kutsi kube nemvula ye calcium carbonate kusetjentiswa imitfombo lemibili ye calcium kanye nemagciwane lamabili: i calcium formate kanye ne Bacillus subtilis (FS), i calcium formate kanye ne Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FA), i calcium acetate kanye ne Bacillus subtilis kanye ne (AS), tintfo letifana ne-amylolique (AA).
Esigabeni sekucala sekwakhiwa kwekuhlola, kuhlolwa kwentiwa kwentela kutfola inhlanganisela lekahle letawufinyelela umkhicito lomkhulu we calcium carbonate. Njengoba lamasampula emhlabatsi abe ne calcium carbonate, isethi yekuhlolwa kwekucala kwekuhlola kwakhiwa kwentela kukala kahle iCaCO3 lekhicitwa nguletinhlanganisela letehlukene, kanye nekuhlanganiswa kwemasiko lasemkhatsini kanye netisombululo temtfombo we calcium kwahlolwa. Kuyo yonkhe inhlanganisela yemtfombo we-calcium kanye nesisombululo seligciwane lesichazwe ngenhla (FS, FA, AS, kanye ne-AA), tintfo tekusebenta kahle (umtfombo we-calcium lokuhlushwa, sikhatsi sekwelapha, kuhlanganiswa kwesisombululo seligciwane lokulinganiswa ngekucina kwe-optical kwesisombululo (OD), umtfombo we-calcium kuya ku-tunnel test winment ratios, kanye ne-pH) kwatsatfwa futsi kwasetjentiswa ku-treat tincenye.
Kulenhlanganisela ngayinye, kuhlolwa lokungu 150 kwentiwa kufundza umphumela wemvula ye CaCO3 kanye nekuhlola tintfo letehlukene, lokungumtfombo we calcium, sikhatsi sekwelapha, linani le OD leligciwane, umtfombo we calcium kuya esixazululweni seligciwane kanye ne pH ngesikhatsi se aerobic oxidation yetintfo letiphilako (T). Libanga le pH lenchubo lelungisiwe lakhetfwa ngekuya ngekukhula kwemajika eBacillus subtilis kanye ne Bacillus amyloliquefaciens kwentela kutfola kukhula lokusheshako. Loku kuchazwe kabanti esigabeni lesitsi Imiphumela.
Letinyatselo letilandzelako tasetjentiswa kulungiselela emasampula esigaba sekusebenta kahle. Lesixazululo se MICP sacala kulungiswa ngekulungisa i-pH yekucala yendzawo yekulima bese i-autoclaved ku 121 °C 15 min. Loluhlobo lwabese lugonywa ngekuhamba kwemoya we laminar bese lugcinwa endzaweni yekufukamela lenyakatako ku 30 °C na 180 rpm. Lapho iOD yaleligciwane seyifike esigabeni lesifunekako, yahlanganiswa nesisombululo semtfombo we calcium ngesilinganiso lesifunekako (Umfanekiso 1a). Lesixazululo se MICP savunyelwa kutsi sisabele futsi sicinise ku incubator lenyakatisako nga 220 rpm na 30 °C sikhatsi lesifika esigabeni lesihlosiwe. Le CaCO3 lecijile yahlukaniswa ngemuva kwekutsi seyifakwe ku 6000 g ngemaminithi lasihlanu bese yomiswa ku 40 °C kwentela kulungiselela emasampula ekuhlolwa kwe calcimeter (Umfanekiso 1b). Kuwa kwemvula kwe CaCO3 kwabese kuyalinganiswa ngekusebentisa iBernard calcimeter, lapho khona imphuphu ye CaCO3 ihlangana na 1.0 N HCl (ASTM-D4373-02) kwentela kukhicita iCO2, futsi umthamo wale gesi usilinganiso sekucuketfwe kwe CaCO3 (Umfanekiso 1c). Kugucula umthamo we CO2 kuya ku CaCO3 lokucuketfwe, indlela yekulinganisa yakhicitwa ngekugeza imphuphu lehlantekile ye CaCO3 nge 1 N HCl bese iyahlelwa ngekumelene ne CO2 legucukile. I morphology kanye nekuhlanteka kwemphuphu ye CaCO3 lecindzetelekile kwaphenywa kusetjentiswa i-SEM imaging kanye nekuhlatiya kwe-XRD. Sibonakhulu lesibonakalako lesinekukhulisa lokungu 1000 sasetjentiswa kufundza kwakheka kwe calcium carbonate letungelete leligciwane, sigaba se calcium carbonate leyakhiwe, kanye nemsebenti weligciwane.
Le Dejegh Basin sigodzi lesatiwako lesigucukile kakhulu eningizimu nshonalanga yeSifundza sase Fars e Iran, futsi labacwaningi babutsela ndzawonye emasampula emhlabatsi logugulwe ngumoya kulendzawo. Lamasampula atsatfwa emhlabatsini kute kwentiwe lolucwaningo. Kuhlolwa kwetinkhomba kumasampula emhlabatsi kwakhombisa kutsi lomhlabatsi bewungakahlukaniswa kahle umhlabatsi lonesihlabatsi lone silt futsi wahlukaniswa ngekutsi yi SP-SM ngekuya kwe Unified Soil Classification System (USC) (Umfanekiso 2a). Kuhlatiya kwe XRD kwakhombisa kutsi umhlabatsi wase Dejegh bewukhiwe kakhulu nge calcite kanye ne quartz (Umfanekiso 2b). Ngekwengeta, kuhlatiya kwe EDX kwakhombisa kutsi letinye tintfo letifana ne Al, K, kanye ne Fe nato betikhona ngetilinganiso letincane.
Kulungiselela letindvundvuma taselabhorethri kwentela kuhlolwa kwekuguguleka kwemoya, lomhlabatsi wachoboselwa kusuka ekuphakameni lokungu 170 mm ngekusebentisa ifunnel lenebubanti lobungaba ngu 10 mm kuya endzaweni lecinile, lokuholele ekutseni kube netindvundvuma letijwayelekile letingu 60 mm ngekuphakama kanye na 210 mm ngebubanti. Emvelweni, emadvundvuma esihlabathi laphansi kakhulu akhiwa tinchubo te aeolian. Ngendlela lefanako, lesampula lelungiselelwe kusetjentiswa lenchubo lengenhla beyinebuningi lobuphansi kakhulu, γ = 14.14 kN/m3, kwenta ikhone yesihlabathi lefakwe endzaweni levundlile lene-angle yekuphumula lecishe ibe ngu 29.7°.
Lesixazululo lesifanele se MICP lesitfolakele esigabeni lesengcile safafatwa emthambekeni we dune ngemazinga ekufaka 1, 2 kanye na 3 lm-2 bese lamasampula agcinwa ku incubator ku 30 °C (Fig. 3) emalanga langu 9 (lokusho sikhatsi lesifanele sekuphola emhubheni) bese ayakhishwa te wind.
Kulokwelashwa ngamunye, tibonelo letine talungiswa, sinye sekukala lokucuketfwe yi calcium carbonate kanye nemandla emhlabatsi kusetjentiswa ipenetrometer, bese letibonelo letintsatfu letisele tasetjentiselwa kuhlolwa kwekuguguleka ngesivinini lesitsatfu lesehlukene. Ekuhloleni kwemhubhe wemoya, linani lekuguguleka lancunywa ngesivinini semoya lesehlukene, kwase kutsi sivinini sekuphuka kwemkhawulo sesibonelo ngasinye sekwelashwa sancunywa kusetjentiswa luhlelo lwelinani lekuguguleka uma kucatsaniswa nesivinini semoya. Ngekwengeta ekuhlolweni kwekuguguleka kwemoya, letibonelo letiphatsiwe tatsatfwa ngekubhomba ngesihlabathi (lokusho, kuhlolwa kwekugcuma). Tibonelo letimbili letengetiwe talungiselelwa lenhloso ngemazinga esicelo langu 2 na 3 L m−2. Lokuhlolwa kwekubhomba kwesihlabathi kwatsatsa 15 min nge flux ye 120 gm−1, lesesigabeni semanani lakhetsiwe etifundvweni letindlulile60,61,62. Libanga lelivundlile emkhatsini we nozzle yekuhlafuna kanye nesisekelo se dune bekungu 800 mm, lebeyitfolakala nga 100 mm ngetulu kwephansi kwemhubhe. Lesikhundla sasibekwa kute cishe tonkhe tinhlayiya tesihlabathi letigcumako tiwele kulesicumbi.
Kuhlolwa kwemhubhe wemoya kwentiwa emhubheni wemoya lovulekile lonebudze be 8 m, bubanti be 0.4 m kanye nekuphakama kwe 1 m (Umfanekiso 4a). Lomhubhe wemoya wentiwa ngemashidi ensimbi lakhiwe nge galvanized futsi ungakhicita sivinini semoya lesingafika ku 25 m/s. Ngekwengeta, kusetjentiswa umguculeli wemvamisa kulungisa imvamisa yemphefumulo bese kancane kancane kukhulisa imvamisa kutfola sivinini semoya lesihlosiwe. Umfanekiso 4b ukhombisa umdvwebo we schematic wetindvundvuma tesihlabathi letigugulwe ngumoya kanye nephrofayli yesivinini semoya lelinganiswa emhubheni wemoya.
Ekugcineni, kucatsanisa imiphumela yekwakheka kwe MICP lengasiyo i-urealytic lephakanyiswe kulolucwaningo nemiphumela yekuhlolwa kwekulawula i-MICP ye-urealytic, emasampula e-dune nawo alungiselelwe futsi alashwa ngesisombululo setilwane lesicuketse i-urea, i-calcium chloride kanye ne-Sporosarcina pasteurii (kusukela iSporosarcina inekukhicita lokubalulekile). Kucina kwekubuka kwesisombululo seligciwane bekungu 1.5, futsi lokucuketfwe kwe urea kanye ne calcium chloride bekungu 1 M (kukhetsiwe ngekuya ngemanani lanconyiwe etifundvweni letindlulile36,64,65). Lendlela yekulima beyifaka umhluti wemanutrients (8 g/L) kanye ne urea (20 g/L). Lesixazululo seligciwane safafatwa etulu kwe dune bese sishiywa emahora lamashumi lamabili nakune kwentela kutsi ligciwane linamatsele. Ngemuva kwemahora lamashumi lamabili nakune ekunamatsela, sisombululo sekusimamisa (i-calcium chloride kanye ne urea) kwafafatwa. Lokuhlolwa kwekulawula kwe-urealytic MICP lapha ngemuva kwaloko kubitwa ngekutsi yi-UMC. Lokucuketfwe yi calcium carbonate yemasampula emhlabatsi lophatfwe ngendlela ye urealyt kanye nalengaphatfwa nge urealyt kwatfolakala ngekugeza ngendlela lephakanyiswe ngu Choi et al.66.
Umfanekiso 5 ukhombisa emajika ekukhula kwe Bacillus amyloliquefaciens kanye ne Bacillus subtilis endzaweni yekulima (sisombululo semanutrients) nge pH yekucala lesuka ku 5 kuya ku 10. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kulomfanekiso, iBacillus amyloliquefaciens kanye ne Bacillus subtilis yakhula ngekushesha ku pH7-6. Ngako-ke, leli banga le-pH lamukelwa esigabeni sekusebenta kahle.
Emagoba ekukhula kwe (a) iBacillus amyloliquefaciens kanye (b) ne Bacillus subtilis ngemazinga lehlukene ekucala e pH yendzawo lesemkhatsini wemanutrients.
Umfanekiso 6 ukhombisa linani le carbon dioxide lekhicitwa ku Bernard limemeter, lemelela i-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) lecindzetelekile. Njengoba sici sinye besibekwe enhlanganisweni ngayinye kantsi letinye tintfo betihlukahlukene, liphuzu ngalinye kulamagrafu lihambisana nemthamo lomkhulu we carbon dioxide kuleyo sethi yekuhlola. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kulesitfombe, njengoba umtfombo we calcium ukhula, kukhicitwa kwe calcium carbonate kwakhula. Ngako-ke, lokucuketfwe kwemtfombo we calcium kuthinta ngco kukhicitwa kwe calcium carbonate. Njengoba umtfombo we calcium kanye nemtfombo we carbon kuyafana (lokusho kutsi, i-calcium formate kanye ne-calcium acetate), uma kukhishwa ema-ion e-calcium lamaningi, kwakheka i-calcium carbonate leningi (Umfanekiso 6a). Kuletinhlobo te AS kanye ne AA, kukhicita kwe calcium carbonate kwachubeka kwandza ngekukhula kwesikhatsi sekuphola kwaze kwaba ngulapho linani le precipitate licishe lingashintji ngemuva kwemalanga lasiphohlongo. Ekwakhiweni kwe FA, lizinga lekwakheka kwe calcium carbonate lehla uma sikhatsi sekwelapha sendlula emalanga langu 6. Nawucatsanisa naletinye tindlela tekwakheka, kwakheka kwe FS kwakhombisa lizinga lekwakheka kwe calcium carbonate leliphansi ngemuva kwemalanga lamatsatfu (Umfanekiso 6b). Ekwakhiweni kwe FA na FS, 70% na 87% wekukhicita kwe calcium carbonate lokuphelele kwatfolakala ngemuva kwemalanga lamatsatfu, kantsi ekwakhiweni kwe AA na AS, lesilinganiso besicishe sibe ngu 46% na 45% kuphela, ngekulandzelana. Loku kukhombisa kutsi lendlela lesekelwe ku formic acid inesilinganiso lesiphakeme sekwakheka kwe CaCO3 esigabeni sekucala uma kucatsaniswa nekwakheka lokusekelwe ku acetate. Nomakunjalo, lizinga lekwakheka liyancipha ngekukhula kwesikhatsi sekwelapha. Kungaphetfwa kusuka ku Figure 6c kutsi ngisho nasekuhlanganisweni kwemagciwane langetulu kwe OD1, kute umnikelo lomkhulu ekwakhiweni kwe calcium carbonate.
Kushintja kwemthamo we CO2 (nekucuketfwe kwe CaCO3 lokuhambisanako) lokukalwa yi Bernard calcimeter njengemsebenti we (a) kuhlanganiswa kwemtfombo we calcium, (b) sikhatsi sekubeka, (c) OD, (d) pH yekucala, (e) silinganiso semtfombo we calcium kuya esixazululweni seligciwane (kwekwakheka ngamunye); kanye (f) nelinani lelikhulu le calcium carbonate lekhicitwako yenhlanganisela ngayinye yemtfombo we calcium kanye neligciwane.
Mayelana nemphumela we pH yekucala ye medium, Umfanekiso 6d ukhombisa kutsi ku FA na FS, kukhicita kwe CaCO3 kwafinyelela esigabeni lesiphakeme ku pH 7. Loku lokubonwako kuhambisana netifundvo tangembili kutsi ema enzymes eFDH acinile kakhulu ku pH 7-6.7. Nomakunjalo, ku AA na AS, imvula ye CaCO3 yakhula ngesikhatsi i-pH yendlula 7. Tifundvo letindlulile tiphindze takhombisa kutsi libanga lelifanele le pH lemsebenti we CoA enzyme kusuka ku 8 kuya ku 9.2-6.8. Kucabanga kutsi emabanga lafanele e pH emsebenti we CoA enzyme kanye nekukhula kwe B. amyloliquefaciens ngu (8-9.2) kanye na (6-8), ngekulandzelana (Umfanekiso 5a), emabanga lafanele e pH ekwakhiwa kwe AA kulindzeleke kutsi abe ngu 8, futsi lamabanga lamabili e pH ayahlangana. Leliciniso lacinisekiswa ngekuhlola, njengobe kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 6d. Njengoba i-pH lekahle yekukhula kwe B. subtilis ngu 7-9 (Umfanekiso 5b) kantsi i-pH lekahle yemsebenti we CoA enzyme ngu 8-9.2, umkhicito lomkhulu we CaCO3 wemvula ulindzeleke kutsi ubesesigabeni se pH lengu 8-9, lokucinisekiswa ngu Umfanekiso 6d (lokusho kutsi, i-pH lekahle yemvula ngu 9). Imiphumela lekhonjiswe ku Figure 6e ikhombisa kutsi silinganiso lesifanele sesisombululo semtfombo we calcium kuya kusisombululo seligciwane ngu 1 kutotimbili tisombululo te acetate kanye ne formate. Kucatsanisa, kusebenta kwekwakheka lokuhlukene (lokusho kutsi, iAA, AS, FA, kanye ne FS) kwahlolwa ngekuya ngekukhicita lokukhulu kwe CaCO3 ngaphansi kwetimo letehlukene (lokusho kutsi, kuhlanganiswa kwemtfombo we calcium, sikhatsi sekwelapha, iOD, umtfombo we calcium kuya esixazululweni seligciwane, kanye ne pH yekucala). Emkhatsini wekwakheka lokufundvwe, kwakheka kwe FS bekunekukhicita lokusetulu kwe CaCO3, lebekucishe kube katsatfu kunaloko kwekwakheka kwe AA (Umfanekiso 6f). Kuhlolwa kwekulawula lokune lokute emagciwane kwentiwa kuyo yomibili imitfombo ye calcium futsi kute imvula ye CaCO3 leyabonakala ngemuva kwemalanga lamashumi lamatsatfu.
Letitfombe tekubuka ngesibonakhulu tatotonkhe letindlela takhombisa kutsi iVaterite bekusigaba lesikhulu lapho khona kwakhiwa khona iCalcium carbonate (Umfanekiso 7). Emakristalu e-vaterite abeyindingilizi ngesimo69,70,71. Kutfolakele kutsi i-calcium carbonate yagcwala kumaseli eligciwane ngoba lendzawo yemaseli eligciwane beyishaja kabi futsi ingasebenta njengekutsatsa ema cations lane divalent. Kutsatsa kwakheka kwe FS njengesibonelo kulolucwaningo, ngemuva kwemahora langemashumi lamabili nakune, i-calcium carbonate yacala kwakheka kulamanye emaseli eligciwane (Umfanekiso 7a), futsi ngemuva kwemahora langemashumi lamane nesiphohlongo, linani lemangcamuzane eligciwane lambonywe nge calcium carbonate lakhula kakhulu. Ngekwengeta, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku Figure 7b, tinhlayiya te vaterite tingaphindze titfolakale. Ekugcineni, ngemuva kwemahora langemashumi lasikhombisa nakubili, linani lelikhulu leligciwane labonakala liboshwe ngema crystals evaterite, futsi linani letinhlayiya te vaterite lakhula kakhulu (Umfanekiso 7c).
Kubukwa ngesibonakhulu sekubuka imvula ye CaCO3 ekwakhiweni kwe FS ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi: (a) 24, (b) 48 kanye (c) 72 h.
Kuchubeka nekuphenya ngekwakheka kwesigaba lesicindzetelekile, kwentiwa kuhlatiya kwe X-ray diffraction (XRD) kanye ne SEM yetimphuphu. Le XRD spectra (Fig. 8a) kanye ne SEM micrographs (Fig. 8b, c) yacinisekisa kubakhona kwema crystals e vaterite, njengoba abenesimo lesifana ne lettuce kanye nekuhambisana emkhatsini weticoco te vaterite kanye neticoco te precipitate kwabonwa.
(a) Kucatsanisa kwe-X-ray yekusakateka kwe-CaCO3 leyakhiwe kanye ne-vaterite. SEM imifanekiso lemincane ye vaterite ku (b) 1 kHz kanye (c) 5.27 kHz kukhuliswa, ngokulandelana.
Imiphumela yekuhlolwa kwemhubhe wemoya ikhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 9a, b. Kungabonakala kusuka ku Figure 9a kutsi lizinga lekuguguleka kwemkhawulo (TDV) lesihlabatsi lesingakaphatfwa lingaba ngu 4.32 m/s. Ngesilinganiso sekufaka se 1 l/m2 (Umfanekiso 9a), emathambeka emigca yesilinganiso sekulahlekelwa kwemhlabatsi yetincenye te FA, FS, AA kanye ne UMC acishe afane naleyo ye dune lengakaphatfwa. Loku kukhombisa kutsi kwelashwa ngalelizinga lekufaka akusebenti futsi ngekushesha nje uma sivinini semoya sendlula iTDV, le crust yemhlabatsi lencane iyanyamalala bese lizinga lekuguguleka kwe dune liyafana naleli dune lelingakaphatfwa. Umthambeka wekuguguleka kwe fraction AS nawo uphansi kunaletinye tincenye letine abscissas lephansi (lokusho iTDV) (Umfanekiso 9a). Lemicibisholo lesemfanekisweni 9b ikhombisa kutsi ngesivinini lesikhulu semoya lesingaba ngu 25 m/s, kute kuguguleka lokwenteka kuletindvundvuma letiphatsiwe ngemazinga ekufaka langu 2 na 3 l/m2. Ngalamanye emagama, ku FS, FA, AS kanye ne UMC, letindvundvuma betimelana kakhulu nekuguguleka kwemoya lokubangelwa kuhlala kwe CaCO3 ngemazinga ekufaka 2 na 3 l/m2 kunasesivinini lesikhulu semoya (lokusho 25 m/s). Ngako, linani le TDV le 25 m/s lelitfolakala kuletivivinyo ngumkhawulo longentasi wemazinga esicelo lakhonjiswe ku Figure 9b, ngaphandle kwesimo se AA, lapho khona iTDV icishe ilingana nesivinini lesikhulu semhubhe wemoya.
Kuhlolwa kwekuguguleka kwemoya (a) Kulahleka kwesisindvo uma kucatsaniswa nesivinini semoya (lizinga lekufaka 1 l/m2), (b) Sivinini sekudzabuka sekucala uma kucatsaniswa nelizinga lekufaka kanye nekwakheka (CA ye calcium acetate, CF ye calcium formate).
Umfanekiso 10 ukhombisa kuguguleka kwemhlabatsi wetindvundvuma tesihlabathi letiphatfwe ngekwakheka lokuhlukene kanye nemazinga ekufaka ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwekubhomba kwesihlabathi kanye nemiphumela yesilinganiso ikhonjisiwe ku Umfanekiso 11. Lelicala lelingakaphatfwa alikhonjiswa ngoba alikhombisi kumela futsi laguguleka ngalokuphelele (kulahlekelwa kwebuningi lobuphelele) ngesikhatsi sekuhlolwa kwekubhomba kwesihlabathi. Kuyacaca kusuka ku Figure 11 kutsi lesampula lephatfwe nge biocomposition AA yalahlekelwa ngu 83.5% wesisindvo sayo ngesilinganiso sekufaka 2 l/m2 kantsi onkhe lamanye emasampula akhombisa kuguguleka lokungaphansi kwa 30% ngesikhatsi senchubo yekubhomba sihlabatsi. Ngesikhatsi lizinga lekufaka likhuliswa laba ngu 3 l/m2, onkhe emasampula laphatfwe alahlekelwa ngaphansi kwa 25% wesisindvo sawo. Kuwo omabili emazinga esicelo, i-FS lehlanganisiwe yakhombisa kumelana lokuhle kakhulu nekubhomba kwesihlabathi. Kumelana lokukhulu nalokuncane kwekubhomba kumasampula laphatfwe nge FS kanye ne AA kungabangelwa imvula yabo lephakeme nalencane ye CaCO3 (Umfanekiso 6f).
Imiphumela yekubhomba kwetindvundvuma tesihlabathi tekwakheka lokuhlukene ngesilinganiso sekugeleta se 2 na 3 l/m2 (imicibisholo ikhombisa indlela yemoya, tiphambuko tikhombisa indlela yemoya lecondzile endizeni yemdvwebo).
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku Figure 12, lokucuketfwe yi calcium carbonate yawo onkhe emafomula kwakhula njengoba lizinga lekufaka likhula kusuka ku 1 L/m2 kuya ku 3 L/m2. Ngekwengeta, kuwo onkhe emazinga ekufaka, lefomula lene calcium carbonate lesetulu bekuyi FS, ilandzelwe yi FA ne UMC. Loku kusikisela kutsi lamafomula angahle abe nekumelana lokusetulu kwemhlabatsi.
Umfanekiso 13a ukhombisa kushintja kwekumelana kwemhlabatsi longetulu kwemasampula emhlabatsi langakaphatfwa, lalawulwako kanye nalashwako lalinganiswa ngekuhlolwa kwe permeameter. Kusukela kulesibalo, kuyabonakala kutsi kumelana kwemhlabatsi kwe UMC, AS, FA kanye ne FS formulations kwandza kakhulu ngekukhula kwelizinga lesicelo. Kepha, kwandza kwemandla emhlabatsini bekukuncane kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-AA. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kulesitfombe, FA kanye ne FS kwakheka kwe MICP lengacedza urea kunekuvumelana lokuncono kwemhlabatsi uma kucatsaniswa ne MICP lecedza urea. Umfanekiso 13b ukhombisa kushintja kwe TDV ngekumelana kwemhlabatsi. Kusukela kulesibalo, kuyacaca kutsi kuma dunes lanekumelana kwemhlabatsi lokungetulu kwa 100 kPa, sivinini sekukhumula umkhawulo sitawudlula 25 m/s. Njengoba kumelana kwemhlabatsi we in situ kungalinganiswa kalula nge permeameter, lolwati lungasita kulinganisa iTDV ngekungabikhona kwekuhlolwa kwemhubhe wemoya, ngaleyondlela kusebenta njengenkhomba yekulawula lizinga lekusebenta ensimini.
Imiphumela ye SEM ikhonjiswe ku Figure 14. Titfombe 14a-b tikhombisa tinhlayiya letikhulisiwe tesampula yemhlabatsi lengakaphatfwa, lokukhombisa ngalokucacile kutsi ihlangene futsi ayikho kubopha kwemvelo noma kufaka simende. Umfanekiso 14c ukhombisa i-SEM micrograph yesampula yekulawula lephatfwe nge-MICP lecekeleke phansi i-urea. Lesitfombe sikhombisa kubakhona kwe CaCO3 lecindzetelako njenge calcite polymorphs. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku Tibalo 14d-o, le CaCO3 lecijile ibopha letinhlayiya ndzawonye; emakristalu e-vaterite layindingilizi angaphindze akhonjwe kuma-micrographs e-SEM. Imiphumela yalolucwaningo kanye netifundvo letindlulile tikhombisa kutsi letibopho te CaCO3 letakhiwe njenge vaterite polymorphs tingaphindze tinikete emandla lafanele emishini; imiphumela yetfu ikhombisa kutsi kumela kwemhlabatsi kukhula kube ngu 350 kPa kanye nekushesha kwekuhlukaniswa kwemkhawulo kukhula kusuka ku 4.32 kuya ngetulu kwa 25 m/s. Lomphumela uhambisana nemiphumela yetifundvo letindlulile kutsi i-matrix ye-MICP-precipitated CaCO3 yi-vaterite, lenemandla lafanele emshini kanye nekumelana nekuguguleka kwemoya13,40 futsi ingagcina kumelana nekuguguleka kwemoya lokunengcondvo ngisho nangemuva kwemalanga langu-180 ekuchayeka etimeni temvelo tasensimini13.
(a, b) Ema-micrographs e-SEM emhlabatsi longaphatfwa, (c) Kulawula kubola kwe-urea ye-MICP, (df) emasampula laphatfwe nge-AA, (gi) emasampula laphatfwe nge-AS, (jl) emasampula laphatfwe nge-FA, kanye (mo) nemasampula laphatfwe nge-FS ngesilinganiso sesicelo se-3 L/m2 ngekukhulisa lokuhlukile.
Umfanekiso 14d-f ukhombisa kutsi ngemuva kwekwelashwa ngetinhlanganisela te AA, iCalcium carbonate yacindzetelwa etulu kanye nasemkhatsini wetinhlavu tesihlabathi, kantsi letinye tinhlavu tesihlabathi letingakagcotjwa nato tabonakala. Kuletincenye te AS, noma linani le CaCO3 leyakhiwa alizange likhule kakhulu (Fig. 6f), linani lekutsintsana emkhatsini wetinhlavu tesihlabathi letibangelwa yi CaCO3 lakhula kakhulu uma kucatsaniswa netinhlanganisela te AA (Fig. 14g-i).
Kusuka ku Tibalo 14j-l na 14m-o kuyacaca kutsi kusetjentiswa kwe calcium formate njengemtfombo we calcium kuholela ekukhuleni lokunyenti kwemvula ye CaCO3 uma kucatsaniswa ne AS compound, lehambisana netilinganiso te calcium meter ku Figure 6f. Le CaCO3 lengetiwe ibonakala ibekwe kakhulu kuletinhlayiya tesihlabathi futsi ayisho kutsi yente ncono lizinga lekutsintsana. Loku kucinisekisa kutiphatsa lokubonwe ngaphambilini: noma kunemehluko esilinganisweni semvula ye CaCO3 (Umfanekiso 6f), letinhlobo letintsatfu (AS, FA kanye na FS) atifani kakhulu ngekusebenta kwe anti-eolian (umoya) (Umfanekiso 11) kanye nekumelana kwemhlabatsi (Umfanekiso 13a).
Kute kubonakale kancono emaseli eligciwane lagcotjwe nge CaCO3 kanye nekushicilelwa kweligciwane kuma crystals lacindzetelekile, ema-micrographs lasetulu ekukhulisa e-SEM atsatfwa futsi imiphumela ikhonjisiwe ku Figure 15. Njengobe kukhonjisiwe, i-calcium carbonate ihlasele emaseli eligciwane futsi iniketa i-nuclei ledzingekako lapho. Lesibalo siphindze sikhombise kuhlanganiswa lokusebentako nalokungasebenti lokubangelwa yi CaCO3. Kungaphetfwa ngekutsi noma ngukuphi kwandza kwekuhlanganiswa lokungasebenti akusho kutsi kuholele ekwenteni ncono kakhulu ekutiphatseni kwemishini. Ngakoke, kukhula kwemvula ye CaCO3 akusho kutsi kuholele emandla lamakhulu emishini futsi indlela yemvula idlala indzima lebalulekile. Leliphuzu liphindze lafundvwa emisebentini yaTerzis naLaloui72 naSoghi na-Al-Kabani45,73. Kuchubeka nekuhlola budlelwane emkhatsini wephethini yemvula kanye nemandla emshini, tifundvo te MICP letisebentisa μCT imaging tinconywa, lokuyintfo lengetulu kwemandla alolucwaningo (lokusho, kwetfula inhlanganisela lehlukene yemtfombo we calcium kanye neligciwane le MICP lete i-ammonia).
iCaCO3 yenta kutsi kube netibopho letisebentako naletingasebenti kumasampula laphatfwe nge (a) kwakheka kwe AS kanye (b) nekwakheka kwe FS futsi yashiya umgca wemaseli eligciwane kule sediment.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku Tibalo 14j-o na 15b, kunefilimu ye CaCO (ngekuya kwekuhlatiya kwe EDX, liphesenti lekwakheka kwentfo ngayinye kulefilimu yi carbon 11%, i-oxygen 46.62% kanye ne calcium 42.39%, lesondzelene kakhulu neliphesenti le CaCO ku Figure 16). Lelifilimu livala ema vaterite crystals kanye netinhlayiya temhlabatsi, kusita kugcina bucotfo beluhlelo lwemhlabatsi-sediment. Kuba khona kwalefilimu kwabonwa kuphela kumasampula laphatfwe ngekwakheka lokusekelwe ku-formate.
Lithebula 2 licatsanisa emandla emhlabatsini, sivinini sekukhishwa kwemkhawulo, kanye nekucuketfwe kwe CaCO3 lekhicitwa yi bioinduced yemhlabatsi lophatfwe ngetindlela te MICP leticedza i-urea kanye naletingacedza i-urea etifundvweni letindlulile kanye nalolucwaningo. Tifundvo ngekumelana nekuguguleka kwemoya kwemasampula etindvundvuma letiphatfwe nge MICP tincane. Meng kanye nalabanye. iphenye ngekumelana nekuguguleka kwemoya kwemasampula etindvundvuma leticedza i-urea laphatfwe nge-MICP asebentisa i-leaf blower,13 kantsi kulolucwaningo, emasampula etindvundvuma letingacedza i-urea (kanye nekulawula lokucedza i-urea) ahlolwa emhubheni wemoya futsi alashwa ngetinhlanganisela letine letehlukene temagciwane kanye.
Njengoba kungabonakala, letinye tifundvo letindlulile ticabangele emazinga laphakeme esicelo langetulu kwa 4 L/m213,41,74. Kufanele kutsi kucashelwe kutsi emazinga laphakeme ekufaka kungenteka angasebenti kalula emkhakheni kusuka ekubukeni kwemnotfo ngenca yetindleko letihambisana nekuniketa emanti, kutfutsa kanye nekufaka emavolumu lamakhulu emanti. Emazinga laphansi ekufaka lafana na 1.62-2 L/m2 nawo afinyelele emandla lamahle emhlabatsi lafika ku 190 kPa kanye ne TDV lengetulu kwa 25 m/s. Kulesifundvo lesikhona, emadvundvuma laphatfwe nge-MICP lesekelwe ku-formate ngaphandle kwekubola kwe-urea atfole emandla laphakeme emhlabatsini labefanana nalawo latfolakala ngendlela yekubola kwe-urea esigabeni lesifanako semazinga esicelo (lokusho kutsi, emasampula laphatfwe nge-MICP lesekelwe ku-formate ngaphandle kwekubola kwe-urea nawo abekhona ngetulu kwemandla e-urea njengoba kubikwe nguMeng et al., 13, Umfanekiso 13a) ngemazinga laphakeme esicelo. Kungaphindze kubonakale kutsi ngesilinganiso sekufakwa se 2 L/m2, umkhicito we calcium carbonate wekunciphisa kuguguleka kwemoya ngesivinini semoya lesingu 25 m/s bekungu 2.25% we MICP lesekelwe ku formate ngaphandle kwekubola kwe urea, lokusondzelene kakhulu nelinani lelidzingekako le CaCO3 (duCP4ie) lelicatsaniswa ne % i treed. kubola kwe urea ngesilinganiso lesifanako sekufaka kanye nesivinini semoya lesifanako (25 m/s).
Ngako, kungaphetfwa kusuka kulelithebula kutsi kokubili indlela yekubola kwe urea kanye nendlela yekubola ngaphandle kwe urea kunganiketa kusebenta lokwemukelekile impela ngekuya kwekumelana nemhlabatsi kanye ne TDV. Umehluko lomkhulu kutsi indlela yekubola lete urea ayinayo i-ammonia ngako-ke inemtselela lophansi wemvelo. Ngekwengeta, indlela ye MICP lesekelwe ku formate ngaphandle kwekubola kwe urea lephakanyiswe kulolucwaningo ibonakala yenta kancono kunendlela ye MICP lesekelwe ku acetate ngaphandle kwekubola kwe urea. Nanobe Mohebbi nalabanye. wafundza indlela ye-MICP lesekelwe ku-acetate ngaphandle kwekubola kwe-urea, sifundvo sabo safaka ekhatsi emasampula etindzaweni letisicaba9. Ngenca yelizinga leliphakeme lekuguguleka lokubangelwa kwakheka kwe eddy letungelete emasampula etindvundvuma kanye nekuguguleka lokubangelwa nguloku, lokuholela ku TDV lephansi, kuguguleka kwemoya kwemasampula etindvundvuma kulindzeleke kutsi kube sobala kakhulu kunaloko kwetindzawo letisicaba ngesivinini lesifanako.