Emafemu esimende lafana naleli lakhonjiswe lapha ngumtfombo lomkhulu we- carbon dioxide lefutfumalisa simo selitulu. Kepha letinye taletintfo letingcolisako tingaguculwa tibe luhlobo lolusha lwaphethiloli. Loluswayi lungagcinwa ngendlela lephephile emashumi eminyaka noma ngetulu.
Lena ngulenye indzaba eluchungechungeni lolubuka tebuchwepheshe lobusha kanye netento letinganciphisa kushintja kwesimo selitulu, tinciphise imitselela yato, noma tisite imimango kutsi ibhekane nemhlaba loshintja ngekushesha.
Imisebenti lekhipha i-carbon dioxide (CO2), igesi levamile ye-greenhouse, ifaka sandla ekushiseni umkhatsi weMhlaba. Umcondvo wekukhipha i-CO2 emoyeni bese uyayigcina akusiyo intfo lensha. Kodvwa kumatima kukwenta, ikakhulukati nangabe bantfu bangakhona kukwenta. Luhlelo lolusha lusombulula inkinga yekungcola kwe-CO2 ngendlela lehluke kancane. Igucula ngemakhemikhali igesi lefutfumalisa simo selitulu ibe nguphethiloli.
Ngenyanga yeLweti mhla tinge-15, bacwaningi labavela eSikhungweni Setebucwepheshe saseMassachusetts (MIT) eCambridge bashicilela imiphumela yabo lehamba embili encwadzini letsi Cell Reports Physical Science.
Luhlelo lwabo lolusha luhlukaniswe lwaba tincenye letimbili. Incenye yekucala ifaka ekhatsi kugucula i-carbon dioxide lesuka emoyeni ibe yi-molecule lebitwa ngekutsi yi-formate kute kukhicitwe emafutsa etitfutsi. Njengekhabhoni dioxide, i-formate icuketse i-athomu yinye yekhabhoni kanye nema-athomu lamabili e-oksijini, kanye ne-athomu yinye ye-hydrogen. Formate iphindze icuketse letinye tintfo letinyenti. Lolucwaningo lolusha lusebentise luswayi lwe-formate, lolususelwa ku-sodium nobe ku-potassium.
Emaseli lamanyenti ephethiloli asebenta nge-hydrogen, igesi levutsako ledzinga emaphayiphi kanye nemathangi lacindzetelekile kute ahambise. Nomakunjalo, emaseli ephethiloli angaphindze asebente nge formate. I-Formate inemandla lafanana ne-hydrogen, ngekuya kwaLi Ju, usosayensi wetintfo lowahola kutfutfukiswa kwalendlela lensha. I-Formate inetinzuzo letitsite kune-hydrogen, kuphawula Li Ju. Kuphephile futsi akudzingi kugcinwa kwemfutfo lomkhulu.
Bacwaningi base-MIT benta iseli yephethiloli kute bahlole i-formate, labayikhicita nge-carbon dioxide. Kwekucala, bahlanganisa loluswayi nemanti. Le ngcucuko yabese ifakwa esitokisini sephethiloli. Ngekhatsi kweseli lephethiloli, i-formate yakhipha ema-electron ngekusebentisana kwemakhemikhali. Lama-electron bekageleta kusuka ku-electrode lembi yeseli lephethiloli kuya ku-electrode lekahle, kucedza umjikeleto wegezi. Lama- electron lageletako—lokungugesi—abekhona ema-awa langu-200 ngesikhatsi kwentiwa lokuhlolwa.
Zhen Zhang, usosayensi wetintfo losebenta naLi eMIT, unelitsemba lekutsi licembu lakhe litawukhona kukala lobuchwepheshe lobusha kungakapheli iminyaka lelishumi.
Licembu lelucwaningo le-MIT lisebentise indlela yemakhemikhali kugucula i-carbon dioxide ibe sitsako lesibalulekile sekukhicita emafutsa etitfutsi. Kwekucala, bayibeka esixazululweni lesine-alkaline kakhulu. Bakhetsa i-sodium hydroxide (i-NaOH), levame kwatiwa ngekutsi yi-lye. Loku kwenta kutsi kube nekuphendvula kwemakhemikhali lokukhicita i-sodium bicarbonate (i-NaHCO3), leyatiwa kakhulu ngekutsi yi-baking soda.
Babese bavula gezi. Lomfutfo wegezi wabangela kusebenta lokusha kwemakhemikhali lokwahlukanisa yonkhe i-athomu yemoya-mpilo ku-molecule ye-baking soda, kwashiya i-sodium formate (NaCHO2). Luhlelo lwabo lwagucula cishe yonkhe i-carbon lese-CO2 — lengetulu kwemaphesenti langu-96 — yaba nguloluswayi.
Amandla ladzingekako kususa umoya-mpilo agcinwa kumakhemikhali e-formate. Solwati Li waphawula kutsi i-formate ingagcina lamandla emashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kwekulahlekelwa ngumandla langaba khona. Ibese ikhicita gezi uma idlula esitokisini sephethiloli. Uma ngabe gezi losetjentiselwa kukhicita i-formate uvela emandla elilanga, emoyeni noma emandla emantini, gezi lokhicitwa yi-fuel cell utawuba ngumtfombo wemandla lahlobile.
Kute sikhulise lobuchwepheshe lobusha, Lee watsi, “kufanele sitfole tintfo leticebile temhlaba te- lye.” Wafundza luhlobo lwelidvwala lelibitwa ngekutsi yi-alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Uma ahlanganiswa nemanti, lamadvwala aphenduka abe yi-lye.
Farzan Kazemifar ungunjiniyela eNyuvesi yaseSan Jose State eCalifornia. Lucwaningo lwakhe lugcile ekugcineni i-carbon dioxide etindzaweni letineluswayi letingaphansi kwemhlaba. Kususa i-carbon dioxide emoyeni bekusolo kumatima ngako-ke bekubita, kusho yena. Ngako-ke kuyazuzisa kugucula i-CO2 ibe yimikhicito lesebentako njenge-formate. Tindleko temkhicito tinganciphisa tindleko tekukhicita.
Kube nelucwaningo lolunyenti ngekubamba i-carbon dioxide lesuka emoyeni. Sibonelo saloko kutsi licembu labososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseLehigh lisanda kuchaza lenye indlela yekuhlunga i- carbon dioxide lesemoyeni bese iyaguculwa ibe yi- baking soda. Lamanye emacembu elucwaningo agcina i-CO2 ematjeni lakhetsekile, ayigucula ibe yi-carbon lecinile lengabese icubungulwa ibe yi-ethanol, iphethiloli yetjwala. Linyenti lalamaphrojekthi mancane futsi alikabi nemtselela lomkhulu ekunciphiseni emazinga laphakeme e-carbon dioxide emoyeni.
Lesitfombe sikhombisa indlu lesebenta nge-carbon dioxide. Lentfo lekhonjiswe lapha igucula i- carbon dioxide (emamolekhyuli lasemabhubhisini labovu nalamhlophe) abe luswayi lolubitwa ngekutsi yi- formate (emabhubhisi laluhlata sasibhakabhaka, labovu, lamhlophe nalamnyama). Loluswayi lungabese lusetjentiswa esitokisini sephethiloli kwenta gezi.
Kazemifar watsi indlela lencono kakhulu yetfu kutsi “sinciphise kukhishwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kucala.” Lenye indlela yekwenta loko kutsi esikhundleni setinsalela temafutsa ngemitfombo yemandla lavuselelwako njengemoya noma lilanga. Loku kuyincenye yekugucuka bososayensi labakubita ngekutsi “kukhishwa kwekhabhoni.” Kepha wengete watsi kumisa kushintja kwesimo selitulu kutawudzinga indlela lenetigaba letinyenti. Lobu buchwepheshe lobusha buyadzingeka kute kubambe ikhabhoni etindzaweni lekumatima kuyikhipha ikhabhoni, kwasho yena. Tfola tigayo tensimbi kanye nemafemu esimende, kusho tibonelo letimbili.
Licembu le-MIT liphindze futsi libone tinzuzo ekuhlanganiseni bucwepheshe babo lobusha nemandla elanga nemoya. Emabhethri esintfu aklanyelwe kugcina emandla emaviki ngesikhatsi sinye. Kugcina kukhanya kwelilanga lasehlobo kuya ebusika noma sikhatsi lesidze kudzinga indlela lehlukile. “Nge formate fuel,” kwasho Lee, awusagcini ngisho nekugcina ngesikhatsi. “Kungaba situkulwane.”
Kungenteka ingakhanyi njengeligolide, kepha “Ngingashiya emathani langu 200... e formate emadvodzaneni ami nemadvodzakati ami,” kwasho Lee, “njengelifa.”
Alkaline: Siphawulo lesichaza intfo yemakhemikhali leyakha ema-ions e-hydroxide (OH-) esixazululweni. Letisombululo tiphindze tibitwe ngekutsi yi-alkaline (ngekungafani ne-acidic) futsi tine-pH lengetulu kwa-7.
Aquifer: Kubunjwa kwemadvwala lakhona kubamba emadamu emanti langaphansi kwemhlaba. Lelibito liphindze lisebente kumabhesini langaphansi kwemhlaba.
Basalt: Lidvwala lelimnyama le volcanic lelivame kucina kakhulu (ngaphandle uma kuqhuma kwe volcanic kwashiya emaphakethe lamakhulu egesi kulo).
bond: (kukhemikhali) kuchumana lokusemkhatsini wema-athomu (noma emacembu ema-athomu) ku-molecule. Yakhiwa ngemandla lahehanako emkhatsini wema-athomu lahlanganyelako. Uma sekwakhiwe emabhondi, ema-athomu asebenta njengeyunithi. Kuhlukanisa ema-athomu lakhiwe, emandla ngendlela yekushisa nobe leminye imisebe kumele aniketwe emamolekhyuli.
I-Carbon: Intfo yemakhemikhali lesisekelo sakho konkhe lokuphilako eMhlabeni. I-Carbon ikhona ngekukhululeka ngendlela ye-graphite nedayimane. Kuyintfo lebalulekile yemalahle, limestone, kanye ne petroleum, futsi iyakhona kutihlanganisa ngemakhemikhali kwenta tinhlobo letiningi temamolekhyuli lanelinani lemakhemikhali, letiphilako, kanye netekutsengiselana. (Elucwaningo lwesimo selitulu) Ligama lelitsi carbon ngalesinye sikhatsi lisetjentiswa cishe ngekushintjana ne carbon dioxide kusho umtselela longaba khona sento, umkhicito, umtsetfomgomo, noma inchubo lekungaba nayo ekufutfumeleni kwemkhatsi sikhatsi lesidze.
I-Carbon dioxide: (noma i-CO2) yigesi lengenambala, lengenaliphunga lekhicitwa ngito tonkhe tilwane uma umoya-mpilo letiwuphefumulako uhlangana nekudla lokunecarbon letikudlako. I-carbon dioxide iphindze iphume uma tintfo letiphilako, letifaka ekhatsi emafutsa etinhlayiya lafana nawoyela noma igesi yemvelo, ishiswa. I-carbon dioxide igesi ye-greenhouse lebamba kushisa emkhatsini weMhlaba. Titjalo tigucula i-carbon dioxide ibe ngumoya-mpilo nge-photosynthesis bese tisebentisa lenchubo kwenta kudla kwato.
Simende: Sihlanganisi lesisetjentiselwa kubamba tintfo letimbili ndzawonye, ​​kwenta kutsi ticine tibe yintfo lecinile, noma glue lendze lesetjentiselwa kubamba tintfo letimbili ndzawonye. (Kwakha) Intfo legayiwe lencane lesetjentiselwa kubopha sihlabatsi noma ematje lachoboshiwe ndzawonye kwenta simende. Simende sivame kwentiwa njengemphuphu. Kepha uma seyimanti, iphenduka ibe ludzaka lolucinile uma seyomile.
Ikhemikhali: Intfo leyakhiwe ngema-athomu lamabili noma ngetulu lahlanganisiwe (lahlanganisiwe) ngesilinganiso lesicinile kanye nesakhiwo. Sibonelo saloko kutsi emanti ayintfo yemakhemikhali leyakhiwe ngema-athomu lamabili e-hydrogen lahlanganiswe ne-athomu yinye ye-oksijini. Ifomula yayo yemakhemikhali ngu H2O. “Ikhemikhali” ingaphindze isetjentiswe njengesiphawulo sekuchaza timphawu tentfo letivela ekusebentiseni lokuhlukahlukene emkhatsini wemakhompawundi lehlukene.
Sibopho semakhemikhali: Emandla ekudvonsa emkhatsini wema-athomu lacinile ngalokwenele kwenta kutsi tintfo letiboshiwe tisebente njengeyunithi. Letinye tintfo letihehanako tibutsakatsaka, letinye tinemandla. Tonkhe tibopho tibonakala ngatsi tihlanganisa ema-athomu ngekwabelana (noma kwetama kwabelana) ngema-electron.
Kuphendvula kwemakhemikhali: Inchubo lefaka ekhatsi kuhlelwa kabusha kwema molecule noma takhiwo tentfo kunekushintja kwesimo senyama (sib., kusuka kuloko lokucinile kuya kugesi).
Chemistry: ligatja lesayensi lelifundza ngekwakheka, sakhiwo, timphahla, kanye nekusebentisana kwetintfo. Bososayensi basebentisa lolwati kute bafundze ngetintfo letingakatayeleki, bakhicite tintfo letilusito ngebunyenti, nobe baklame futsi bente tintfo letinsha letilusito. (yetinhlanganisela temakhemikhali) Ikhemikhali iphindze ibhekisele kufomula yetinhlanganisela, indlela lelungiswa ngayo, noma letinye tintfo tayo. Bantfu labasebenta kulomkhakha babitwa ngekutsi ngemakhemikhali. (kusayensi yetenhlalakahle) likhono lebantfu lekubambisana, kuvumelana, nekujabulela kuhlala ndzawonye.
Kugucuka kwesimo selitulu: Kugucuka lokubalulekile, kwesikhatsi lesidze esimeni selitulu seMhlaba. Loku kungenteka ngekwemvelo noma njengemphumela wemisebenti yebantfu, kufaka ekhatsi kushisa emafutsa etinhlayiya kanye nekususa emahlatsini.
Kususa ikhabhoni: kusho kugucuka ngenhloso kusuka ebuchwephesheni lobungcolisako, imisebenti, kanye nemitfombo yemandla lekhipha emagesi lasekelwe kukhabhoni, njenge carbon dioxide kanye ne methane, emkhatsini. Umgomo kutsi kuncishiswe linani lemagesi ekhabhoni lafaka sandla ekugucukeni kwesimo selitulu.
Gezi: Kuhamba kwemandla agezi, lokuvame kubangela kuhamba kwetinhlayiya letinemandla lamabi letibitwa ngekutsi ngema-electron.
I-Electron: inhlayiya lenemandla langakalungi levame kujikeleta sigodzi sangaphandle se-athomu; iphindze ibe ngumtfwali wegezi etintfweni leticinile.
Unjiniyela: Ngumuntfu losebentisa isayensi netibalo kute acatulule tinkinga. Nalisetjentiswa njengesento, ligama lelitsi unjiniyela lisho kwakha intfo, intfo nobe inchubo yekucatulula inkinga nobe sidzingo lesingakahlangabetwa.
Ethanol: Tjwala, lobuphindze bubitwe ngekutsi yi-ethyl alcohol, ngulokusisekelo setinatfo letidzakisako letifana nabhiya, liwayini, kanye netinatfo letidzakisako. Iphindze isetjentiswe njengesincibilikisi kanye nephethiloli (sibonelo, kuvame kuhlanganiswa naphethiloli).
Filter: (n.) Intfo levumela letinye tintfo kutsi tidlule bese letinye tidlula, kuye ngebukhulu bato noma letinye timphawu. (v.) Inchubo yekukhetsa tintfo letitsite ngekuya ngetimphawu letifana nebukhulu, bukhulu, kushaja, njll (ku-physics) Sikrini, ipuleti, noma lucwencwe lwentfo lemunya kukhanya noma leminye imisebe noma ngekukhetsa kuvimbela letinye tincenye tayo kutsi tingandluli.
Formate: Ligama lelivamile lekutsi luswayi noma ema esters e formic acid, luhlobo lwe oxidized lwe esidi yemafutsa. (I-ester yinhlanganisela lesekelwe ku-carbon leyakhiwa ngekufaka esikhundleni sema-athomu e-hydrogen ema-esidi latsite ngetinhlobo letitsite temacembu etilwane. Emafutsa lamanyenti kanye nemafutsa labalulekile ngema-ester lavela ngekwemvelo ema-esidi emafutsa.)
Emafutsa etinhlayiya: Noma ngumaphi emafutsa, njengemalahle, phethiloli (oyili lohlohliwe), noma igesi yemvelo, leyakhiwa ngetulu kwetigidzi teminyaka ngekhatsi eMhlabeni kusuka etinsaleleni letibolako teligciwane, titjalo, noma tilwane.
Fuel: Noma nguyiphi intfo lekhipha emandla ngekusebentisa emakhemikhali noma ngekusebentisana kwenuzi lokulawulwako. Emafutsa etinhlayiya (emalahle, igesi yemvelo, kanye nawoyela) ngemafutsa lavamile lakhipha emandla ngekuphendvula kwemakhemikhali uma ashiswa (kuvame kuba sesigabeni sekushisa).
Fuel cell: Intfo legucula emandla emakhemikhali abe ngemandla agezi. Iphethiloli levame kakhulu yi-hydrogen, umkhicito wayo kuphela ngumphunga wemanti.
Geology: Siphawulo lesichaza konkhe lokuhlobene nekwakheka kwemhlaba, tintfo tawo, umlandvo, kanye netinchubo letenteka kuwo. Bantfu labasebenta kulomkhakha babitwa ngekutsi tati temhlaba.
Kushisa kwemhlaba: Kukhula kancane kancane kwekushisa kwemkhatsi weMhlaba ngenca yemphumela we-greenhouse. Lomphumela ubangelwa kwenyuka kwemazinga e-carbon dioxide, i-chlorofluorocarbons, kanye naletinye tigesi letisemoyeni, letinyenti tato tikhishwa yimisebenti yebantfu.
I-Hydrogen: Yintfo lelula kakhulu endzaweni yonkhe. Njengegesi, ayinambala, ayinaphunga, futsi iyavutsa kakhulu. Kuyincenye yemafutsa lamanyenti, emafutsa, kanye nemakhemikhali lakha ticubu letiphilako. Ihlanganisa i-proton (i-nucleus) kanye ne-electron leyijikeletako.
Kusungula: (v. kusungulwa; adj. kusungulwa) Kulungisa nobe kwenta ncono umcondvo, inchubo, nobe umkhicito lokhona kute ube musha, uhlakaniphe, usebente kahle, nobe ube lusito kakhulu.
Lye: Ligama lelivamile lesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide (NaOH). iLye ivame kuhlanganiswa nemafutsa etibhidvo noma emafutsa etilwane kanye naletinye tintfo kwenta insipho yebha.
Sosayensi wetintfo: Umcwaningi lofundza ngebudlelwane emkhatsini wesakhiwo se-athomu kanye ne-molecule yentfo kanye netimphahla tayo tonkhe. Bososayensi betintfo bangakha tintfo letinsha nobe bahlatiye letikhona. Kuhlatiya timphawu tentfo yonkhe, njengekucina, emandla, kanye nendzawo yekuncibilika, kungasita bonjiniyela nalabanye bacwaningi kutsi bakhetse tintfo letinhle kakhulu tekusebentisa tintfo letinsha.
Molecule: Licembu lema-athomu langatsatsi luhlangotsi kugezi lamelela linani lelincane kakhulu le-khemical compound. Emamolekhyuli angakhiwa luhlobo lunye lwe-athomu nobe tinhlobo letehlukene tema-athomu. Sibonelo, i-oksijini lesemoyeni yakhiwe ngema-athomu lamabili e-oksijini (O2), kantsi emanti akhiwe ngema-athomu lamabili e-hydrogen kanye ne-athomu yinye ye-oksijini (H2O).
Pollutant: Intfo lengcolisa intfo letsite, njengemoya, emanti, bantfu, nobe kudla. Letinye tintfo letingcolisako ngemakhemikhali, njengemitsi yekubulala tilwane. Letinye tintfo letingcolisako tingaba yimisebe, kufaka ekhatsi kushisa kakhulu noma kukhanya. Ngisho nelukhula kanye naletinye tinhlobo letihlaselako tingatsatfwa njengeluhlobo lwe biofouling.
Potent: Siphawulo lesisho intfo lenemandla kakhulu nobe lenemandla (njengeligciwane, buthi, umutsi, nobe esidi).
Lokuvuselelwako: Siphawulo lesibhekiswe kumtfombolusito longatsatfwa esikhundleni sawo phakadze (njengemanti, titjalo letiluhlata, kukhanya kwelilanga, nemoya). Loku kuphambene netinsita letingavuselelwa, letinekuniketwa lokuncane futsi letingapheliswa ngemphumelelo. Tinsita letingavuselelwa tifaka ekhatsi oyili (kanye naletinye tintfo letilahliwe) noma tintfo letingakavami kanye nemaminerali.