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Nangabe unenombolo yebulungu le-ACS, sicela uyifake lapha kute sikhone kuhlanganisa le-akhawunti nebulungu lakho. (Kukhetsa ngekutsandza)
I-ACS iyakutsatsa njengalokuligugu imfihlo yakho. Ngekufaka lwati lwakho, ungavakashela i-C&EN bese ubhalisa etindzabeni tetfu teliviki. Sisebentisa lwati loluniketako kute sitfutfukise indlela lofundza ngayo, futsi angeke size sitsengise lwati lwakho kumalunga ebantfu besitsatfu.
Nga 2005, sikhulu setimphahla tekutsengisa iColgate-Palmolive yashiya ibhizinisi yekuhlanta timphahla taseNyakatfo Melika ngekutsi itsengisele imikhicito lefana ne Fab ne Dynamo ku Phoenix Brands. Ngemuva kweminyaka lemitsatfu, lesinye sikhulu semphahla yekutsengisa, i-Unilever, yatsengisa umgca wayo wemkhicito wekugeza waseMelika lofaka ekhatsi All kanye ne-Wisk kuya ku-Sun Products.
Kutsengiswa kwebhizinisi layo etinkampanini letimbili letincane letitimele kwenta imakethe lesetulu ye-P&G e-US yekuhlanta timphahla icishe ingaphikiswa. Kuyatsakatelisa kutsi iProcter & Gamble ayizange imemetele kuncoba.
Ngempela, nga-2014, Alan G. Lafley, ngaleso sikhatsi bekanguSikhulu Lesiphetse se-Procter & Gamble (i-P&G), watisola ngekuhociswa kwe-Unilever. Watsi yehlula imakethe lesemkhatsini yemakethe yetinsimbi tekuhlanta, kwenta kutsi imikhicito ye-P&G igcile kakhulu emakethe lesetulu, ngesikhatsi iniketa imikhicito lephansi lenebacudzelani labatsatfu. I-Procter & Gamble ngumtsengisi wetinhlobo letatiwako letifana ne-Tide ne-Gain. Ibalelwa cishe ku 60% webhizinisi lekuhlanta timphahla tase US, kepha lelibhizinisi lelimile, futsi kunesikhala lesikhulu sentsengo emkhatsini wemikhicito yalenkampani kanye nebacindzeteli bayo.
Ngemuva kwemnyaka, lomunye webacindzeteli bayo, inkampani yaseJalimane iHenkel, yanyakatisa tintfo. Lenkampani yetfula insipho yayo lesezingeni leliphakeme yase Europe i Persil eMelika, yacala kutsengiswa kuphela nge Wal-Mart, yase yetfulwa kubatsengisi labafana ne Target. Nga 2016, Henkel wachubeka wadida tintfo ngekutfola Imikhicito yeLilanga.
Kwetfulwa kwe Persil kuvuselele ibhizinisi yekuhlanta timphahla, kepha kungenteka kutsi kusheshe kunaloko Lafley labekulindzele. Ngenyanga yeNkhwenkhweti lephelile, ngesikhatsi magazini “Umbiko Webatsengisi” ubita lomunye wemikhicito lemisha yaHenkel, i-Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, sibulalimagciwane saseMelika lesisebenta kahle kakhulu, yena nalabanye baphatsi be-P&G kumele batfuke. Umkhosi wekubekwa esihlalweni sebukhosi waphusha Tide kutsi abe sendzaweni yesibili kwekucala ngca eminyakeni.
I-Procter & Gamble (Lejezisiwe), i-Procter & Gamble (i-P&G) yaphindze yakha umkhicito wayo wekucala weligama lelikhulu Tide Ultra Stain Release nga 2016. Lenkampani yatsi yengeta tintfo letisebenta emhlabatsini futsi yasusa lamanye emanti, lokuholele ekutseni kube nefomula lecijile nalegcizelele kakhulu lengenta ncono kususwa kwemabala. Lomagazini watsi lomkhicito bewuhamba embili kuloluhlu ekuhlaziyweni kweMibiko Yebatsengisi lokwalandzela, nanobe kungakabaluleki ngekwetibalo.
Imibiko Yebatsengisi isandza kubala i-ejenti yekukhipha emabala i-Tide Plus Ultra kanye ne-Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-ku-1 njengetintfo letimbili tekuhlanta timphahla letihamba embili eMelika. I-C&EN itawuhlola tintfo letibangela lesi simo, kanye nekusetjentiswa kwato kanye nebakhiciti.
Imibiko Yebatsengisi isandza kubala i-ejenti yekukhipha emabala i-Tide Plus Ultra kanye ne-Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-ku-1 njengetintfo letimbili tekuhlanta timphahla letihamba embili eMelika. I-C&EN itawuhlola tintfo letibangela lesi simo, kanye nekusetjentiswa kwato kanye nebakhiciti.
Kusesekuseni kakhulu kutsi sitsi ngabe Henkel utawubeka inselele lenkhulu yini ku-P&G kubatsengi baseMelika labatsenga insipho yekuwasha lesetulu. Kepha uma emakhemikhali ekwakheka kwe P&G ativa anelisekile ngenca yekungabikhona kwekuncintisana, nakanjani atawususwa.
Shoaib Arif, umphatsi wetinsita tekusebentisa kanye netebuchwepheshe eSurfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, uchaze kutsi eMelika, iTide ne Persil yimikhicito lesezingeni leliphakeme yebhizinisi futsi ingahlukaniswa ibe ngemazinga lamane ekusebenta. Kuyo yonkhe leminyaka, Arif nalabanye bososayensi bePilot basite tinkampani letinyenti tetintfo tasendlini kutsi takhe tintfo letinsha tekuhlanta kanye naletinye tintfo tekuhlanta.
Emakethe lephansi, kuyinto super detergent umnotfo. Ngekuya kwa Arif, kungenteka kutsi ibe nentfo leshibhile kuphela, njenge alkyl benzene sulfonate lesemgceni (LABS) kanye nekunambitseka kanye nemibala. Sigaba lesilandzelako semkhicito singafaka tintfo letisita noma bakhi, njenge sodium citrate, i-tackifier kanye nesisebenti sesibili.
iLABS yi anionic surfactant, lelungile ekususeni tinhlayiya etindvwangu futsi isebenta kahle endvwangu yakotini. Lesibili lesivamile sekukhicita yi ethanol ethoxylate, intfo lengasiyo ye ionic, lesebenta kakhulu kune LABS, ikakhulukati kususa emafutsa kanye nekungcola kusuka ku fibres yekwentiwa.
Kulesendlalelo sesitsatfu, emafomula angafaka tintfo letikhanyako letibonakalako ngentsengo lephansi kancane. Letintfo letikhanyako letibonakalako titsatsa kukhanya kwe-ultraviolet bese tiyakukhipha endzaweni leluhlata sasibhakabhaka kute timphahla tibonakale tikhanya kakhulu. Ema surfactants lancono, ema chelating agents, labanye bakhi kanye nema polymers lalwa nekuphindze abekwe kabusha avame kutfolakala kuleto takhiwo, letingabamba kungcola kusuka emantini ekugeza kwentela kuvikela kutsi kungaphindze kubekwe kulendvwangu.
Letintfo letibita kakhulu tekuhlanta tibonakala ngekulayisha lokusetulu kwetintfo letisebenta ngetulu kanye netinhlobonhlobo taletinye tintfo letisebenta ngetulu, njenge sulfates ye tjwala, i-ethoxy sulfates ye tjwala, ema amine oxides, insipho yemafutsa esidi kanye ne cations. Ema polymers latsatsa umhlabatsi longakavami (lamanye lalungiselelwe tinkampani letifana ne Procter & Gamble kanye ne Henkel) kanye nema enzymes nawo awela kulesigaba.
Kepha Arif uyacwayisa kutsi kunqwabelana kwetitsako kuletsa tinsayeya tayo. Ngendlela letsite, kwakheka kwe detergent kuyisayensi, futsi bokhemikhali bayati lizinga letincenye temakhemikhali, njengemsebenti wemhlabatsi we surfactants.
Wachaza watsi: “Nobe kunjalo, nangabe lefomula seyentiwe, tonkhe letintfo titawutsintsana, futsi ngeke ukwati kubiketela kahle kutsi lefomula yekugcina itawentani.” “Kusafanele uvivinye kute uciniseke kutsi iyasebenta ekuphileni kwangempela.”
Sibonelo, tintfo letisebenta ngetulu kanye nebakhi bangavimbela umsebenti we-enzyme, kusho Arif. Labakha tintfo tekugeza bangasebentisa tintfo leticinisa ema enzyme (njenge sodium borate kanye ne calcium formate) kucatulula lenkinga.
Franco Pala, usosayensi lomkhulu welucwaningo wePhrojekthi Yemhlaba Yekuhlanta yaBattelle, waveta kutsi lokucuketfwe lokusetulu kwe surfactant lokutfolakala etinhloboni tekuhlanta letisezingeni lelisetulu nako kungabangela tinkinga. “Akusiko melula kwengeta tintfo letinyenti letisebenta emhlabatsini ngesilinganiso lesiphakeme kangaka,” kuchaza Pala. Kuncibilika kuba yinkinga, futsi kusebentisana lokubi emkhatsini we surfactants nako kuba yinkinga.
Loluhlelo lwe Battelle lwemakhasimende lamanyenti loluholwa ngu Pala lwacala ekucaleni kweminyaka yabo 1990 ngekuhlatiya kwakheka kwetinhlobo letinkhulu temikhicito yekuhlanta emhlabeni wonkhe. Battelle usebentisa luchungechunge lwetintfo tekusebenta tesayensi kusita banikati betinhlobo kanye nebatsengisi betintfo letiluhlata kutsi bahambe ngetulu kweluhlu lwetitsako kwentela kuvisisa, sibonelo, lizinga le ethoxylation yetintfo letiphilako noma ngabe umgogodla wetintfo letiphilako umugca noma unemagatja.
Para watsi namuhla, ema-polymers angumtfombo lobalulekile wekusungulwa kwetitsako tekugeza. Sibonelo, kokubili imikhicito ye Tide ne Persil icuketse i-polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, lokuyi-polymer lemunya kungcola leyakhiwe yi-BASF ye-Procter & Gamble, kepha nyalo seyitfolakala kakhulu kubakhiciti betinsimbi tekugeza.
Pala waveta kutsi i-terephthalic acid copolymers iphindze itfolakale kuletinye tintfo tekugeza letisezingeni lelisetulu, letitawuvala lendvwangu ngesikhatsi sekugeza, kwenta kubelula kususa emabala kanye nekungcola ngesikhatsi sekugeza lokulandzelako. Battelle usebentisa emathulusi lafana ne chromatography yekungena kwe gel kwentela kwehlukanisa ema polymers bese usebentisa i-spectroscopy ye infrared kwentela kutfola sakhiwo sawo.
Loluhlelo lwe Battelle luphindze lunake kakhulu ema enzymes, lokuyimikhicito ye biotech lekhicitwa bakhiciti labachubeka nekuyitfutfukisa njalo ngemnyaka. Kuhlola umsebenti wale-enzyme, licembu laPala laveta le-enzyme endzaweni lephansi lene-chromophore. Uma le enzyme yehlisa lendzawo lephansi, le chromophore iyakhululwa bese ilinganiswa ngekutsatsa noma ngekubuka i-fluorescence.
Ema Proteases lahlasela emaprotein bekungema enzymes ekucala lafakwa etintfweni tekuhlanta ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yabo 1960s. Kamuva ema enzymes langetiwe kule arsenal afaka ekhatsi i-amylase, lebola sitashi, kanye ne mannanase, lecedza tintfo leticijile te guar gum. Uma kudla lokune guar (njenge ice cream kanye ne barbecue sauce) kucitseka etimphahleni, i-chewing gum itawuhlala etimphahleni ngisho nangemuva kwekugeza. Ifakwe kulendvwangu futsi isetjentiswa njenge glue yekungcola lokunetinhlavu, kwenta emabala lalukhuni kuwasusa.
Kokubili iPersil ProClean Emandla-Kemanti 2in1 kanye nekukhishwa kwelibala le-Tide Ultra kucuketse i-protease, i-amylase kanye ne-mannanase.
iPersil iphindze ibe ne lipase (lengabola emafutsa) kanye ne cellulase (lengahlantwa ngendlela lengacondzi ngekutsi kuhlanganiswe emabhondi latsite eglycosidic ku fibre yakotini) kwentela kususa kungcola lokunamatsele kule fibre. I-Cellulase ingaphindze ithambise kotini futsi yente ncono kukhanya kwembala wayo. Ngesikhatsi lesifanako, ngekuya kwemibhalo yelungelo lobunikati, sici lesisezingeni lelisetulu sekugeza emagagasi yi glucanase, lengabola ema polysaccharides le amylase lengakhoni kuwacedza.
iNovozymes ne DuPont sekuyisikhathi lesidze babakhiciti labakhulu bema enzymes, kepha iBASF isandza kungena kulelibhizinisi ngendlela yema proteases. ENkhomfa Yemikhicito Yekuhlanta lebeyibanjelwe eJalimane ngekuwa lokudlule, i-BASF ikhutsate kuhlanganiswa kwe-protease yayo lensha kanye ne-polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, yatsi le ngcucuko iniketa kusebenta lokutfutfukisiwe kumakhasimende lafisa kwakha tintfo tekuhlanta tekugeza ngekushisa lokuphansi.
Empeleni, Arif nalabanye lababuka emakethe batsi kuvumela bakhiciti betinsimbi tekugeza kutsi bente tintfo letidzinga kusetjentiswa kwemandla lamancane noma kuvikelwa kwemvelo emithonjeni yemvelo ngumncele lolandzelako kulemboni. Ngenyanga yeNkhwenkhweti ngemnyaka lophelile, iP&G yetfula iTide Purclean, luhlobo lwemkhicito wayo loyinkhomba, lapho khona 65% wetinongo tivela etitjalweni. Kwabese kutsi, ngenyanga yeMphala, i-Unilever yatfola i-Seventh Generation, umkhiciti wetintfo tekuhlanta titjalo kanye naletinye tintfo tekuhlanta, kutsi iphindze ingene emakethe yetintfo tekuhlanta eMelika.
Nanobe kugucula tintfo letinhle kakhulu kutsi tibe tintfo tekugeza letiphumelelako kuhlala kuyinsayeya, “loku lokuhamba embili lamuhla kuyimvelo kakhulu,” kwasho Arif. “Emakhasimende ayabuta, ‘Senta njani imikhicito lesuselwa emvelweni lengakabi nebuthi kubantfu nasemvelweni, kodvwa lechubeka isebenta kahle?”